4^th World Conference on Climate Change October 19-21, 2017 Rome, Italy

Biography:

Jie’s research focuses on understanding the physical mechanisms of the climate system using model simulations. Jie’s presentation about the subtropical precipitation has recently been published in Nature Climate Change. In the past, he has studied changes in hydroclimate and atmospheric circulation from anthropogenic forcing. He has also worked on understanding and reducing uncertainties in climate projections on both global and regional scales. One of his current research projects involves the dynamics of tropical air-sea interactions. The goal is to quantify various coupling feedback processes in order to build a simple and practical framework for understanding model biases and future changes in air-sea interaction. He has also started working on the connection between transient climate sensitivity and regional ocean heat uptake.

Abstract:

The subtropics encompass many of the world’s driest regions and climate models robustly predict a large-scale decline in subtropical precipitation from anthropogenic forcing. This projection has become popularly related to the “dry-get-drier” paradigm. The expectation that climate change will generally exacerbate the rainfall deficiency of the subtropical regions has excited great concerns. On the other hand, some studies have attributed the subtropical precipitation decline to the poleward expansion of the Hadley cell. In this talk, I will show that neither the “dry-get-drier” nor poleward expansion mechanism is relevant to the large-scale subtropical precipitation decline. It is found that the subtropical precipitation decline forms primarily from the fast adjustment to CO₂ forcing in which neither of the two proposed mechanisms exist. Permitting the increase in moisture and the Hadley cell expansion does not substantially change the characteristics of the large-scale subtropical precipitation decline. This precipitation change should be interpreted as a response to the land-sea warming contrast, direct radiative forcing of CO₂ and in certain regions, pattern of SST changes. In addition, a careful examination of the spatial patterns of the projected precipitation change shows that the subtropical precipitation decline is primarily located over ocean. Over subtropical land regions, the precipitation decline is muted or even reversed by the land-sea warming contrast.

Biography:

Jaime Senabre (Alicante, 1966). Degree in Psychology. He completed doctoral studies in the Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment of the UNED, related to Stress and Immune System, Mobbing and Trauma.

He is Brigade Chief of Wildland firefighter with 20 years of experience. As a psychologist, he collaborates with several companies and institutions in the area of ​​training in Emergency Psychology and Human Resources. Collaborates as Professor of the University of Valencia in the Master in "Intervention and operational coordination in emergencies and catastrophes" and Diploma of University Specialization in "Instructor in Emergency Operative Services".

Director and President of the Scientific-Professional Committee of the National Symposium on Forest Fires. He has published numerous articles on forest fires, Stress, Psychosocial Risks and Emotional Trauma, mainly in relation to emergency services. He has collaborated with several magazines published in Spain.

Currently, he is attached to the Research Group on "Climate and Territory Planning" of the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the University of Alicante.

Abstract:

Wildland fires are an environmental problem in which many factors influence, but they also represent a natural process in many ecosystems and an evolutionary opportunity. Each ecosystem has a characteristic fire regime (frequency level, size, intensity and seasonality determined) that is considered as natural and necessary for the maintenance of the sustainability and biodiversity of the species. From Environmental Psychology we consider it as a latent risk that can compromise the socio-economic development of future generations, mainly in rural areas.

At the ecological level, the problem of forest fires arises when the balance between what is considered as "natural" and sustainable is broken. In Europe, there have been 2.5 million fires that have devastated 20 million hectares in the last 25 years (Legido et al., 2016), 70% of them in southern European countries and 51% in The Iberian Peninsula.

The current forest fire regime is likely to change due to its relation to the climate. The rainfall regime is also changing, with a decrease in water availability and an increase in drought periods, especially in Mediterranean countries. This change will not compensate for the increase in temperature and will increase the flammability of forest areas. But we should not make generalizations about the consequences of climate change, since this alone does not generate or generate a greater number of forest fires on the planet; Although this trend of change may facilitate conditions and favor more virulent and large fire scenarios, so it should be considered as a physical facilitator more in the universe of the problem.

From a causal and social view of the problem, omitting the role of "the human" (anthropogenic variables) in the probability of occurrence of forest fires would pose the problem in a partial way and would be exaggerating the protagonism granted to other types of factors more difficult control. The human being should be the centerpiece of analysis and evaluation, since it is the main detonator of the forest fires. The real "change" we should not look for in the climate or in other external aspects, but in the possibility of a change of thought and attitude of the human being with respect to the latent risk of forest fires.

Biography:

Babak Farjad is currently a Post-doctoral Fellow at the University of Calgary. His work involves developing a hydrological modelling system to evaluate and predict the impacts of climate change and human activities on hydrology of the Lower Athabasca River basin in Alberta, Canada. His PhD research was developing a modeling framework to investigate the impact of climate and land-use/cover change on hydrological processes in the Elbow River watershed in southern Alberta, Canada.

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem: One of the main challenges in climate change impact assessment studies is selecting suitable climate change scenarios to be used in a regional environmental modelling system. Using all available Global Circulation Model (GCM) scenarios would be one way to build the complete picture of the range of climate change and variability but may not always be feasible for such studies. On the other hand, there is no recommended standard number of GCM scenarios to use while the number of GCMs is increasing at a rapid pace. This can be a more challenging case when it comes to understanding responses of hydrological regimes to climate change. This is because first using a large number of GCMs to a hydrological model to simulate the hydrological responses is computationally intensive. Second, even though some selected extreme climate change scenarios may appear to be useful, the non-linearity in the impact response can lead to quite different results. The purpose of this study: In order to shed some light on this issue, this study was undertaken to develop a methodology for selecting representative climate change scenarios that capture all plausible future climate variability affecting the hydrological response of a watershed. Methodology:The study employs three different methods; fuzzy clustering, k-means clustering, and change factors (CFs) to select climate change scenarios out of a combination of 33 GCM scenarios from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 5 (CMIP5) in the Muskeg watershed in Alberta, Canada. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was calibrated and validated to simulate streamflow under the selected GCM scenarios for the period of 2046-2065 relative to the baseline of 1986-2005 in the watershed. Flow duration curves (FDCs) were constructed to represent peak, mid-range average flow, and low daily flows, for each climate scenario. Findings: Results revealed that the fuzzy clustering-based method performed well compared to the k-means clustering and change factors (CFs) methods.Conclusion & Significance: This study gives clear guidance on how to reduce the number of climate change scenarios based on selecting representative scenarios that capture all plausible future variability affecting the hydrological response. However, the most appropriate climate scenarios for a particular region will not necessarily be the most appropriate for anotherregion due to different climate and geomorphological characteristics.

Biography:

Youmin Chen has many work experiences as in the list below, and most of his duties in the work are in the technical aspects, such as database manager, scientific programmer. Therefore, he has a quite broad work area in the aspects of earth sciences such as WRF modeling and the CORDEX work; statistical downscaling (CCA, REOF, step-wise regression etc.); expanded downscaling and hydrological modeling; carbon cycle (in Max-Planck institute for Biogeochemistry); as well as weather generator (stochastic modeling with Monte Carlo method, QuantileMapping method) and so on. He is always trying to develop the technical work as good as possible. For instance, he was doing the CORDEX task in Bjerknes Center for Climate Research (Norway), and developed a series of scripts for WRF modeling and post-processing, so the CORDEX task could be rather easily carried out.

Abstract:

Using the WRF model, which is developed at the National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in USA, we simulated an extreme storm event occurred in China in August 1975, a well-known event called the 758-storm. The reanalysis data, ERA40, from Europe Center for Medium Weather Forecast (ECMWF) was employed as the WRF’s boundary. The spatial resolution at the center of the simulated storm is set to be 2000 meter, which is realized by means of the nested domain in the study area. The simulation time step is set to be 60 minutes, corresponding to the 2000 meter spatial resolution. There are 60 layers in the sigma coordinate at the vertical direction and the top level pressure is defined as 50hPa. We first simulated 3-dimension structure of the 758-storm, which is used to analyze the development and mechanism of the storm event. Afterwards, an extra simulation experiment focusing on the 758-storm was carried out,i.e. through increasing the temperature variables by 2℃for the WRF simulation we explored how the climate warming influences the future storm events. In addition, We also generated a set of downscaled data based on CORDEXstandard for East Asia area and these CORDEX data was used to express the 758-storm, which shows significant difference with the simulation of 758-storm as above. Finally we concluded that the spatial resolution is very important for better simulation of extreme storm.

Biography:

Deanna Jaiho Oh. At present, he is Professor in the Department of Environmental Atmospheric Sciences of the Pukyong National University since 2001. His primary field of research is Climate System, however, his current research interests include numerical weather prediction, disaster prevention, early warning, and regional impact of climate change. He has published more than 120 peer reviewed research papers and 26 books.

Abstract:

A method was developed to estimate a synthetic precipitation record for ungauged sites using irregular coarse observations. The proposed synthetic precipitation data were produced with ultra-high hourly resolution on a regular 1 × 1 km grid. The proposed method was used to analyze selected real-time observational data collected in South Korea from 2010 to the end of 2014. The observed precipitation data were measured using the Automatic Weather System and Automated Synoptic Observing System. The principal objective of the proposed method was to estimate the additional effects of orography on precipitation introduced by ultra-high-resolution (1 × 1 km) topography provided by a digital elevation model. The Global Forecast System analysis of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction was used for the upper atmospheric conditions, necessary for estimating the orographic effects. Precipitation data from 48 of the more than 600 observation sites used in the study, which matched the grid points of the synthetic data, were not included in the synthetic data estimation. Instead, these data were used to evaluate the proposed method by direct comparison with the real observations at these sites.

A bias score was investigated by comparison of the synthetic precipitation data with the observations. In this comparison, the number of Hit, False, Miss, and Correct results for 2010-2014 was 74738, 25778, 7544, and 367981, respectively. In the Hit cases, the bias score was 1.22 and the correlation coefficient was 0.74. The means of the differences between the synthetic data and the observations were 0.3, -3.9, -14.4, and -34.9 mm h-1 and the root mean square errors (RMSEs) were 2.7, 8.3, 19.3, and 39.6 mm h-1 for the categories of 0.5-10.0, 10.0-30.0, 30.0-50.0, and 50.0-100.0 mm h-1, respectively. In addition, in each range, the

60% difference between the synthetic precipitation data and the observation data was - 1.5 to +1.5, -5.0 to +5.0, -17.0 to +17.0, and -33.0 to +33.0 mm h-1, respectively.

Overall, the correlation coefficient of the synthetic precipitation data was >0.7 for 43 of the 48 test stations and the RMSE was <4 mm h-1 at 31 stations. The results are significant at all evaluation stations at the 0.05 significance level.

Biography:

Fabiana Barbi is a postdoctoral researcher at the Centre for Environmental Studies (Nepam), University of Campinas (Unicamp) in Brazil. Her current research involves climate change policies in Brazil and China, concerning mitigation strategies at national level.She holds a PhD degree in Environment and Society (Unicamp, Brazil, 2013). She holds a MSc in Environmental Science (University of São Paulo, Brazil - 2007) and a BSc in Social Sciences and Sociology (University of Campinas, Brazil - 2002). She was a visiting researcher at the Center for US-China Policy Studies at San Francisco State University (2016) and at the Institute of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (2012).She is aresearch fellow of the Future Earth.

Abstract:

This paper analyzes the internalization process of the climate issue at the government level in Brazil and China. This analysis is based on three points: i) Trajectory of greenhouse gases emissions in Brazil and China, (1992-2016); ii) Political and institutional structures mobilized to the climate issue, focusing on mitigation; iii) Political responses related to climate change, through a historical reconstruction of policies related to climate change mitigation. The results of our analysis show that there has been a change in the profile of greenhouse gases emissions in Brazil. Land-use change and forestry sector has no longer been the most responsible for emissions since 2010. However, all other sectors have increased their emissions. In China, the emission growth level has declined reflecting the country's efforts in the installation of low carbon power generation and improvements in energy intensity. In Brazil, there was a significant increase in the production and systematization of studies and reports, which can assist the design and implementation of climate policies. China has also made some progress in this direction. In Brazil, the climate issue internalization process is characterized by three phases: i) establishment of political-institutional and scientific structures engaged with the issue; ii) development of political and scientific climatic agenda; iii) development of climate policies and strengthening scientific agenda. The national policy agenda is focused on the implementation of sectoral plans, to meet the voluntary mitigation targets established by the National Climate Change Policy. In the Chinese case, the process has two phases: the first, is more focused on combating air pollution, whereas the climate issue stands as secondary focus of action and the second, more proactive regarding concrete commitments on climate change, with the establishment of the National Climate Change Program and the National Leadership Panel on Climate Change.

Biography:

Xinping Chen makes a long-term commitment to cooperative achieve high crop yield and high nutrient efficiency in the research of nutrient resource management. He has established the theoretical model and technical indicators of “In-season Root Nitrogen Management”. It suggests a new way to fertilizer saving, environment protecting and efficiency improving for the intensive agricultural production system. Meanwhile, he was also focus on the impact of climate change on the crop yield, especially the impact of precipitation, temperature and solar radiation with the crop model. He has successively undertaken lots of national projects and international cooperation projects, and published a large number of papers in journals like Nature, PANS, GCB, and EST.

Abstract:

Understanding yield potential (Yp) and yield gap (Yg) in current intensive maize (Zea mays L.) production is essential to meet future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we used the agro-climatic zones (CZs) and the reference weather stations (RWS) buffer zones, together with the Hybird-Maize model to estimate maize Yp in the four maize-growing-regions of China under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. In irrigated maize areas, we got 70 RWS buffer zones, and total maize area in the RWS buffer zones covered 67% of the whole irrigated maize area.In rainfed maize areas, we got 106 RWS buffer zones, which covered 51% of the whole rainfed maize area. As a result, the average Yp was 14.2 t ha^-1 and farmers have achieved 58% of Yp. The average water-limited yield potential (Yw) was 10.7 t ha^-1 and farmers have achieved 65% of Yw. Further analysis for four maize-growing-regions showed that precipitation was a limiting factor for Yw to fully achieve Yp except in Southwest China (SW), whereas the average precipitation wasmore than 653 mm during maize growing season. The ratio between Yw and Yp (Yw/Yp) was 51% in Northwest China (NW), and around 80% in both Northeast China (NE) and North China Plain (NCP). The comparison of Yp in different regions showed the low Yp in NE was due to low temperature while Yp in both NCP and SW were limited by low solar radiation. In conclusion, our findings highlight the efficiency and importance to estimate Yp, Yw and Yg by the upscaling method with CZs and RWS buffer zones. Meanwhile, the comparison of Yp, Yw and Yg in different regions was important to improve maize production in future in China.

Biography:

Hilaire Yankulije is a former Benedictine monk, graduated from Paris school of international affairs where he specialized in political sciences with a concentration on climate change policies. Lawyer, YANKULIJE holds a Master’s degree in Comparative Law and conduct a PHD research in Public Law at Université de Perpignan Via Domitia. Sociologist (Bachelor’s degree in social sciences from Kigali Independent University) he’s also a specialist of local governance and development (university advanced degree from Université Senghor d’Alexandrie).

Abstract:

The role of China in both in emission of Greenhouses gases is important.  This country is now world number one in above said gases emission and its yearly deposits in atmosphere is enormous. In 2009, the Chinese emission was about 10, 33 Gt. This amount was representing more than 30% of Global emission because the latter was 35,27Gt.In 2014, according to international reports, the annual Chinese emission reached 29% of Global emission. For some details, the former Mongolian empire contributed to by two-thirds to the net growth of coal consumption and the latter part in global total CO2 deposited in atmosphere is 40%. Even it becomes evident that International community still seized by the problem the role of big emitters and china  particularly  remain a focus of every one who want to examine the problem.

As many of world countries China have submitted its INDC in which it promises to enhance the   actions against  climate change among which the reduction of  CO2 emission by  33.8% lower than the 2005 level; to increase the forest area  by 21.6 million hectares and 2.188 billion cubic meters compared to the 2005 levels. In the electrification of energy, China envision to build a hydropower capacity of 300 gigawatts  the  capacity of on-grid wind power is 95.81 gigawatts  and the capacity of solar power of  The installed capacity of solar power is 28.05 gigawatts. However, in the aftermath of COP21 we can ask ourselves how China is translating into action those promises. This Paper aim at exploring how China five years economic plan envisions to reduce Greenhouse gases emission.

Biography:

Chris Moseki has 15 years experienced in groundwater development and water resources management.   He also served as a research manager at the Water Research Commission responsible for development of tools and systems for adaptation to climate change over a period of 6 years. He is currently a climate change specialist scientist at the Department of Water and Sanitation.  His interest includes research in groundwater and climate change as well as resolution of climate and water related problems in the public sector.

Abstract:

Water is indeed a medium through which climate change influences the Earth’s ecosystem particularly since any negative impact thereon has ripple effect on almost everything else.   The change in frequency, intensity and patterns in rainfall, as well as change in temperature has implication for replenishment of groundwater storage.  However, groundwater-residence times can range from days to tens of thousands of years or more, which delays and disperses the effects of climate and challenges efforts to detect responses in the groundwater to climate variability and change.  Hence, understanding the potential effects of climate variability and change on groundwater is more complex than with surface water.   Several studies relating to the effect of climate changes on surface water bodies have been undertaken while very little research exists on the potential effects of climate change on groundwater. This literature review aims to collate and depict work done previously on climate change impact on groundwater and to serve as a prelude to a research study on what and how appropriate response measures should be taken.      A simplistic empirical relationship between mean annual rainfall and recharge was used in research to show that a decrease in rainfall over the central parts of Southern Africa could have dire consequences for groundwater dependent communities. Findings were that 20% decrease in mean annual rainfall volumes could translate to an 80% decline in recharge for areas that currently receive 500 mm rainfall per annum or less.   Other studies show that the sea-level rise that accompanies climate change will reduce the freshwater supply in many coastal communities, by infiltrating groundwater and rendering it brackish and undrinkable without excessive treatment.  This shows that the impact of climate change on groundwater may be in terms of quality such as deterioration of water by saline intrusion or in terms of quantity.

Biography:

Professor and Dean of School of Atmospheric Science, Sun Yat-senUniversity, China. Served as Director-General, National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration during 2003-2008; as  aMember of Scientific Planning Groupfor China of Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research since 2006; as a member of Scientific Steering Committee of CLIVAR/WCRP during 2007-2011; as Chairmen of GEWEX-CNC since 2005; as the lead author of WGI of IPCC AR5 since 2010 and the P.I. of the project “Multi-model ensemble projection and attribution of climate change based on CMIP5”. Research interests: climate change, climate dynamics and climate prediction, land-atmosphere interactions, regional and global climate modeling, flood and drought, monsoon dynamics, orderly human activity and living environment. Published 130 papers and 5 books.

Abstract:

Integrated assessment models and coupled earth system models both have their limitations in understanding the interactionsbetween human activity and the physical earth system. In this paper, a new human–earth system model, BNUHESM1.0,constructed by combining the economic and climate damage components of the Dynamic Integrated Model ofClimate Change and Economy to the BNU-ESM model, is introduced. The ability of BNU-HESM1.0 in simulating theglobal CO2 concentration and surface temperature is also evaluated. We find that, compared to observation, BNU-HESM1.0underestimates the global CO2 concentration and its rising trend during 1965–2005, due to the uncertainty in the economiccomponents. However, the surface temperature simulated by BNU-HESM1.0 is much closer to observation, resulting fromthe overestimates of surface temperature by the original BNU-ESM model. The uncertainty of BNU-ESM falls within therange of present earth system uncertainty, so it is the economic and climate damage component of BNU-HESM1.0 that needsto be improved through further study. However, the main purpose of this paper is to introduce a new approach to investigatethe complex relationship between human activity and the earth system. It is hoped that it will inspire further ideas that provevaluable in guiding human activities appropriate for a sustainable future climate

Biography:

OyelekeOyerinde has his expertise in environmental management and assessment with bias for petroleum related activities such as gas flaring and venting, oil spillage as well as climate related events. He is a burgeoning but fervent scholar in teaching and research in educational institutions. He is currently a faculty member of the first petroleum university in Africa.

Abstract:

Climate change is a global issue and its impact is felt everywhere by both humans and ecosystems. It is increasingly becoming a serious challenge to the inhabitants of the Niger delta region. Moreover, the Niger Delta region of Nigeria is known to be particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its fragile ecosystem and human activities that have heightened the propensity of climate change and its impacts on the region. This paper draws attention to climate change impacts, adaptation strategies and mitigation policies for coastal areas of Niger Delta in Nigeria. A mix of primary and secondary data sources were utilized mainly comprising of interviews, direct observations and on the spot assessments in conjunction with existing research works and government ministries publications. Analyses show that various manifestations of climate change impact are evident in the coastal areas of Nigeria such as coastal erosion, change in rainfall pattern, sea level rise and flooding. The people within this region, who mostly depend on climate-sensitive sectors, attempt to adapt to these changes using various methods such as construction of wooden pedestrian bridges and delay in planting among others. Currently, there are no effective mitigative plans especially at the local level, therefore, it is recommended that this be addressed through well-articulated and coordinated policies.

Biography:

Gbujie Daniel major interest is the protection environment and promotion of sustainable development goals among developing nations in Africa.  He works temporarily with in a Teaching Hospital in Rivers State, Nigeria for over six years as a medical officer.  An advocate for youth empowerment through education, an environmental activist and an advocate of better health care delivery in Nigeria and West Africa. He has published articles, editorial and made numerous international presentations on sustainable development goals especially on health and leadership challenges. He serves on several local and national boards in Nigeria, an associate member of the World Medical Association, the Chief Volunteer Coordinator of Sure Health Organization an NGO and an official with Junior Doctors of Africa, currently an Atlas Corp Fellow for 2017 and was a delegate to the last UN climate change convention in Marrakesh Morocco.

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem: Climate change impact reveals how man has destroyed earth through burning of fossil fuel and depletion of natural resources. These activities may have worsened and altered the ecological biosphere by causing changes in all the climate entities. This extreme phenomenon called climate change has a negative impact on health. The aim of this paper is to encourage global and national proactive policies and strategic approaches towards tackling climate change.                                                      Methodology: This study involved screening of articles that primarily discussed climate change and its consequences. Articles used for this research came from scientific search engines, research journals, Newspapers, TV reporting, Textbooks and international agencies' reports on climate change.

Findings: This article identified the causes of climate change and its consequences to mankind. It equally noted the evolving human attitude towards other species and to follow humans manifesting in various forms as extreme violent conflicts, negative laws that hampers the effort to mitigate its impact, as they compete for the depleting natural resources. Further, juxtaposing these thoughts with what should be our urgent action plan to mitigate or manage possible consequences of climate change effects. Though the concept of using technology through geo-engineering system to create a climatic condition conducive for human existence seems promising for future, but promoting healthy lifestyles and public awareness to mitigating the climate change effect still remain a realistic approach in the interim while we encourage innovative energy efficient and renewable technology.                                                                                                                                Conclusion & Significance: This paper also is intended to contribute to the existing knowledge on climate change while creating awareness on the need to regulate human activities to prevent the likely extinction of life form on earth while providing a collaborative ideas or solutions for developing nations especially to attain sustainable ecological development through adaption and mitigation.

Biography:

Mei Zi Tan is a sessional teaching staff in Faculty of Business and Economics, Monash University. She is currently pursuing her PhD degree in Faculty of Law in the same university. Prior to joining Monash University, Mei Ziwasa senior tax consultant in BDO and KPMG Tax Malaysia. Her background spans the areas of taxation, economics, accounting, and environmental law.

Abstract:

For more than a decade, the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) enjoysthe fame for being the world’s largest ETS. Nonetheless, the reality behind this fame is that the scheme has not been optimally designed to achieve its key objective of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Due to its unsatisfactory performance, many researchers have examined the regulatory challenges in the EU ETS using economic lens. Their works are valuable but less pragmatic for policymakers. This articleaims to supplement the existing economic literature on the EU ETS by offering useful insights using legal lens. Specifically, it willanalyzethe influence of governance factorson the design features of the EU ETS. The regulatory problems of the EU ETS from Phase I to Phase III are explained using a three-level governance model as shown on the right. The main arguments are that the regulatory problemsofthe earlier phases were due to the discretions given to the member states.On the other hand, the sub-optimal reforms in current phaseare largely the responsibility of the EU legislative institutions – the European Commission, the European Parliament, and the Council of Ministers. As for Phase IV, this article highlightsthe importance of citizensin shaping the future reformsof the EU ETS. The findings of this article provide relevant inputs for policymakers in the EU and other jurisdictions.

Biography:

Eunhee Choi has her expertise in Environmental Engineering under Climate Change. Since 2005 she has been the researcher at Rural Research Institute(RRI), Korea Rural Community and Corporation(KRC). Her main Research theme in RRI: Policy and model development related to biomass utilization and greenhousegas reduction. In these days researching on forestry carbon emission under the post-2020

Abstract:

In 2015, the international community concluded the Paris Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions starting in the year 2020. And 147 Partieshave ratified the Agreement and 162 Parties have submitted to the UN their first nationally determined contributions (NDCs), including their reduction goals. The Paris Agreement agreed on SDM(Sustainable Development Mechanism), or a new international carbon market mechanism after 2020, cooperative approaches, and non-market-based approaches. In response, most countries are working to achieve their respective NDCs not only by reducing domestic greenhouse gas emissions, increasing carbon sinksand using the internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMO).
Accordingly, there has been a growing interest in registering a project to increase carbon sinks with the International Market Mechanism and contributing to achievement of NDC by acquiring ITMO.
The project to increase carbon sinks is generally composed of forestation & reforestation, forest management and REDD+, of which reforestation is the only project that is recognized as the project to increase carbon sinks in the existing CDM. And REDD+ projects were agreed as a greenhouse gas emission reduction project in Article 5 of the Paris Agreement. However, forest management is recognized as a project to increase carbon sinks only by some programs such as the Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS).

Therefore, this study is going to analyze countries and their relevant plans including ITMO and the project to increase carbon sinks by analyzing the NDCs of 147 countries. Then, it will make a comparative analysis on whether an emission trading scheme or a carbon offset scheme for each country recognizes emissions about the project to increase carbon sinks. Based on the results of the analysis, this study is going to analyze the potential for acquiring carbon emissions of the project to increase carbon sinks in the new climate regime, and suggest a plan to activate the project.

Biography:

Natalia Zugravu-Soilita is Associate Professor in Economics at the University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines since September 2012. She was awarded Ph.D. degree in 2009 by Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University following the defense of a thesis that sheds new light on the environmental consequences of the interactions between the reform of trade and investment policies and the efforts made to protect the environment in the Central and Eastern European countries. Today, her academic research supported by econometrics focuses on topics related to the low-carbon economy, economic openness (trade, FDI, international tourism) and sustainable development, in an international comparison approach.

Abstract:

We investigate the causal effects of trade intensity in environmental goods (EGs) on air and water pollution by treating trade, environmental policy and income as endogenous. We estimate a system of reduced-form, simultaneous equations on extensive data, from 1995 to 2003, for transition economies that include Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States.Our empirical results suggest that although trade intensity in EGs (pooled list) reduces COâ‚‚ emissions mainly through an indirect income effect, it increases water pollution because the income-induced effect does not offset the direct harmful scale-composition effect. No significant effect is found for SO₂ emissions with respect to the list of aggregated EGs. In addition to diverging effects across pollutants, we show that results are sensitive to EGs’ classification: e.g., cleaner technologies and products, end-of-pipe products, environmentally preferable products, etc. For instance, a double profit—environmental and economic—is found only for “cleaner technologies and products” in the models explaining greenhouse gases emissions. Interesting findings are discussed for imports and exports of various classifications of EGs. Overall, we cannot support global and uniform trade liberalization for EGs in a sustainable development perspective. Regional or bilateral trade agreements taking into account the states’ priorities could act as building blocks towards a global, sequentially achieved liberalization of EGs.

Biography:

Annie received her Honors Bachelor of Arts in International Relations with distinctions from Western University. She is pursuing a Master’s degree at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs at Carleton University in Ottawa. Her various research interests include global environmental politics, Southeast Asian studies, and Cuban history and culture.

Abstract:

Climate change threatens national security. Our research is based on one of the most vulnerable groups: the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), whose lands will be submerged partially or entirely by 2100 (AOSIS, 2015). Their consequential loss of territory would result in the loss of legal status as nation-states. Thus, the need for policy measures and international legal counsel should be recognized as early as possible. We will analyze the feasibility of their relocation plans to optimize an efficient process of resettlement, based upon multiple criteria such as cultural compatibility, the presence of available dispute resolution mechanisms, geographical proximity, and temporal and spatial practicality. Then, we will consider possible solutions to maintain the nation-state status of maritime countries. From an international law perspective, we will explore the possibility of amending international treaties to ensure that the submerged land be recognized as legitimate state territory. This research will analyze possible legal solutions based on historical precedents; support from other countries and international organizations; spatial and temporal implications; and the practical applicability of these methods. This research has implications for the global community because rising sea levels will affect two-thirds of the world population living within 100 kilometers of any coastline (UNEP, 2005). This paper aims to providea legal reference and practical guide for maritime states in the years to come.

Biography:

HamidrezaAhmadzadehAraji, has bachelor’s degree in Agricultural engineering (Irrigation). He has also obtained a Master’s Degree of Agricultural Meteorology, which he successfully completed at Tehran Islamic Azad University, Branch of Science, and Research. He is Currently PhD student of Water Resources Engineering at UPM. According to his thesis title, he is working on impacts of climate changes on crop production by using crop modeling.

Abstract:

Climate change significantly affects water resources and crop production in future. However, response of soybean yield and biomass to water stress, and probable changes of temperature, rainfall, and CO² rate in each climate region is questionable and still lack of researches worldwide. In this research, two consecutive years of soybean experimental data collected at Karaj Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, and applied to evaluate the capability of the AquaCrop model to simulate soybean final yield, and biomass under projected climate change scenarios. AquaCrop was calibrated in 2010 and validated in 2011 by using four different varieties including L17, Williams*Hobbit, M9, and M7 under three irrigation levels which defined as without water stress (I1), mild water stress (I2), and severe water stress (I3). Statistical analysis, including root mean square error normalized, determination coefficient (R²), and paired t-tests showed that simulated and observed values were the same at 95% confidence level. The results represented that AquaCrop had enough credit to predict yield and biomass in this study. Moreover, impacts of climate change assessed by using 15 GCMs output from downscaling model LARS-WG for the periods 2011–2030 centered at 2020, under A1B, A2 and B1 emission scenarios, for 12 treatments. Ensemble means of yield, biomass from AquaCrop output, and under three emission scenarios for future 2020s compared to calibration year in 2010. The results of yield, and biomass showed increasing for most treatments in 2020s.

Biography:

Bandinee is currently an FPM (doctoral) Scholar in Marketing Area at MDI Gurgaon, India. Her research interests include Service Marketing, Consumer Behavior, Social Business and Entrepreneurship, Environmental Marketing and Internet of Things.

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem:Climate change has since a long time ago stopped to be a scientific interest, and is no longer just one of numerous natural and regulatory concerns. As the United Nations Secretary-General has said, it is the major, overriding ecological issue of our time, and the single most noteworthy challenge facing environmental regulators. It is a growing crisis with financial, wellbeing and safety, food production, security, and other dimensions. Shifting weather pattern, for instance, threaten food production through increased unpredictability of precipitation, rising ocean levels debase coastal freshwater reserves and build the danger of catastrophic flooding, and a warming environment aids the pole ward spread of pests and diseases once limited to the tropics. It is truly vital that earthlings ought to think about the earth and natural assets. The primary purpose of this research is tofind out people’s attitude towards Climate Change. Secondary purpose is to discuss how social marketers can design there marketing strategy to indulge green behavior. Methodology: The paper involves exploring the views, experiences, beliefs and/or motivations of individuals on climate change thus semi structured interview was used. Findings: Interview transcripts were analyzed through coding. QDA Minor lite, software for text analysis was used. Emerging themes were identified during the coding. Themes suggest the reasons why possibly people don’t care about climate change as a real happening thing in the current era. Uncertainty, mistrust and disbelieve were identified as the primary reasons.Conclusion & Significance: Uncertainty over climate change reduces the frequency of “green” behavior in people. The overall finding suggests people may be missing on strong message required about climate change to become aware and work collectively one on precautionary measures. This paper has implication for social marketers, govt. agency and Non-profit environment workers. It can help them understand the audiences view before designing any message that deals with environmental issues.

Biography:

Wm Ye has his expertise on investigation on engineering behaviour of unsaturated soil and prevention of geological disasters. In the last 15 years, he focused on experimental exploration to the hydro-thermo-mechanical properties of densely compacted bentonite for using as buffer/backfill materials for deep geological disposal of high-level nuclear waste. Properties of geo-materials related to geological storage of CO₂,as well as conservation of earthen heritages under extremely dry climate are also investigated.

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem: As one of the dominant climate-related hazardsall over the world, drought occurs more frequently and widely in recent years.Especially in the field of geotechnical engineering, such extreme condition could trigger intense shrinkage cracking of soils,leading toirrecoverable damageforbothmodern infrastructures and ancient earthen heritages. For a drying soil, previous researchers mainly focused onfinal morphology of crack pattern influenced byambient temperature, RH and mineral types etc.However,the wholeprocess of crack network development is far less investigated,particularly in a quantitative way.

Material & Methodology: Slurries with different initial thicknesses (2, 5, 10 and 15mm)were preparedin circular containers, from low-plastic silty clay with water content 45%.Specimens were exposed to air drying in a laboratory undercontrolledtemperature 20±1^oC. During desiccation, the evolving crack networks were recorded regularly using a digital camera and further analyzed resorting to image processing technique. Three geometric parameters, i.e. CIF(crack intensity factor), total crack length (L) and average crack width (W), were quantified.

Findings:As water content dropped below the liquid limit30%, cracks started to initiate on soil surface. Both L and W increased gradually in the following stage, however, the evolution trend was different among specimens.For 15mm slurry,Lstopped increasing at air-entry water content (22%),while W kept growing until shrinkage limit (16%) was reached.In comparison,2mm slurry was dominated by elongationof cracks, accompanied by only slight widening.In addition, CIF increased from 5.26% to 10.32% as thickness increased. Crack patterncut extensively by small and narrow cracks transformed gradually into less fragmented one.

Conclusion & Significance: Thicknesshad a great impact onboth development and final morphology of drying cracking networks. This providessome useful information for understanding the mechanisms in practical issues.

Biography:

Panin Alexander is a senior lecturer at the Department of Microbiology of the Military Medical Academy and an expert in medical support for the preparation of expeditions to the Arctic Antarctic by the Research Institute of St. Petersburg. Participant 50 and 56 Russian Antarctic Expeditions. I prepare sanitary passports for coastal stations and field bases. I monitor the quality of compliance with sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures of facilities with instructions for eliminating shortcomings. I investigate psychrophils – bacteria living at low temperatures under extreme polar conditions, species with medical significance. The experience gained in the Antarctic is used in the Arctic.

Abstract:

Microorganisms are clearly responding to climate changes. Microbial species can be indicators of anthropogenic influence on polar ecosystems. Global climate changes may also affect the composition and structure of microbial communities in the Antarctic. Microbiological monitoring (MM) is very important for establishment of pathogens transmission as well as the epidemiological situation on the polar stations area. The aim of this work was to study the microbial biocenosis of Antarctica and to show the role of MMas a predictor of the risks associated with global climate change.

Systematic study of the microbiota in the Antarctic ecosystems held since 1996 (42-th season work of RAE). These works were accompanied by bacteriological and sanitary mycological examination of water, soil, the study of flora and fauna in the vicinity of objects RAE and the surrounding areas. One of the important tasks was to identify possible sources of accumulation of Yersinia and other pathogens around polar stations. The main feature of this work was the annual sampling from the same habitat allowing study dynamics of the microbiota on the polar stations area as well as natural ecosystems. Wide range of bacteriological and mycological methods of research and identification of microorganisms including molecular methods were used.

As result of microbiological monitoring in Antarctic coastal areas around RAE objects it was revealed that the number of bacteria in preliminary Antarctic soil increased in 1.5-3 times for last years. Many species of opportunistic bacteria and micromycetes were found in observed territory. Variety of bacteria and fungi in the areas of anthropogenic pollution was significantly higher than in natural ecosystems. These works continued into subsequent Antarctic expeditions. At the moment, the priorities of our studies are inclined to the Arctic regions of the RF. The results obtained are processed and require detailed analysis.

It is important to conduct the regular monitoring of birds inhabiting on the territories surrounding the polar stations for development of preventive and anti-epidemic measures. The results of these studies contribute to establish risks predictors of the global climate change, possibility of the emergence of zoonotic and anthroponotic diseases. These studies form the basis of the concept of "polar epidemiology" with scientific substantiation of preventive and anti-epidemic measures.Thetopicofclimateresearchisveryrelevantforthebiologicalandmedicalcommunity. It is necessary to predict and respond to climate challenges in a timely manner, or to create them better for humanity.

Biography:

Addisalem Bitew Mitiku has completed her PhD in Geohydromodelling from University of Kiel at Institute of Geosciences and her MSc in Hydroinformatics and Water Management from EuroAquea joint European masters programme. She has been working as lecturer at Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia and as a researcher at University of Kiel, Germany. Her research interest includes Computational Hydraulics, Hydroinformatics, Hydrogeology, Climate change and Geo-Storage.

Abstract:

It is a requirement for the implementation of the CO2 - geostorage technology that the long-term fate  of  injected CO2 into the subsurface is understood. Dissolution trapping is known as a long-term process that able to reduce the leakage risk of the gas phase of CO2 from a reservoir. This study, therefore, examines the influence of convective flow driven by density differences on the dissolution of gaseous CO2 into the highly saline formation fluid. The characteristic of a potential anticline reservoir located in the North German sedimentary basin is used as a case study. Numerical scenario simulations conducted for the 2D cross section of the reservoir by accounting the dissolution of CO2 and further by accounting the       geochemical   reactions         (i.e.      mineral dissolution/precipitation) effects. It is observed that in both scenarios the density of formation fluid increases and results convective flow. In the first scenario, the amounts of CO2 dissolved in the reservoir were doubled due to convective mixing process. When both dissolution and geochemical reaction effects are considered, the amount of dissolved CO2 increased by 116 % compared to the model results without free-convection. The convective mixing was also faster in early time when geochemical reaction effects were included.  In both scenarios, the results show that the falling of the saturated brine continues until it reaches to the bottom of the anticline, where it further moves towards to the flank.

Biography:

Eiji Komatsu is a Senior Researcher at the Centre for Environmental Law, Meiji University, Japan.He graduated with a PhD in field of Environmental Science from the University of Tsukuba Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, and has experience of regulatoryscience as NIES fellow in National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan. This study is an importantnationally funded project which is supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (2-1603) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency.

Abstract:

The central aim of the Paris Agreement has been to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by restricting the rise in global temperature in this century to less than 2 °C over pre-industrial levels. To achieve this target, an ambitious carbon capture and storage (CCS) growth path will be required, with many projects needed globally by 2050 (Beck et al 2011).

Asia is one of the few regions that has an increasing proportion of coal in its primary energy mix until the year 2040 (IEA, 2014). To limit the resulting increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, development of a policy strategy on CCS, based on specifications for coal storage sites and the regional energy mix, is strongly required. However, most Asian countries, including Japan, have not yet fulfilled this requirement.

Ingelson et al (2010) focused on the most serious risks associated with CO2 injection and long-term storage, particularly the risk of leakage, which refers to the possibility of CO2 escaping from the storage site. Several analyses have acknowledged that these potential risks cannot be managed without clarification of responsibility for maintenance, monitoring, and leakage prevention in CO2 storage at the closure of the site as well as post-closure (Finch et al 2009).

This paper examines the legal and socio-economic aspects of CCS technologies through a comparative study of the current law and policies of Japan and countries that have developed and an analysis of economic models of CCS lifecycle. This paper also proposes a comprehensive policy strategy for commercial CCS deployment, while addressing issues associated with ensuring effective long-term stewardship of CO2 storage sites, including those related to the protection of public health, safety, and the environment. Finally, the paper discusses the pathways to deep decarbonization using large-scale CCS based on the proposed policy strategy.

Biography:

Qian has presented an approach, decomposing the atmospheric variable into temporal climatology and anomaly. The approach helps forecasters understand weather, climate, and general circulation as well as their anomalies. It confirms that the Arctic cell is directly linked to the warming in the high latitudes. Qian has proposed the anomaly-based synoptic chart that can locate weather extremes. Qian has developed an optimal-level dynamical model which can predict most unusual tropical cyclone tracks. Qian has defined the global monsoon domain as the regions where the difference of two pentad mean precipitation rates exceeds 4 mm day⁻¹, which is also influenced by the low-level prevailing wind reversal associated with the cross-equatorial flow.

Abstract:

The study of general circulation has a long history since Halley (1686) and Hadley (1735) to Maury (1855) and Ferrel (1856), from the single-cell model, the two-cell model, and to the three-cell model. In 1921, V. Bjerknes proposed the four-cell model based on his theoretical speculation. Using four sets of reanalysis products and a climate model simulation, the four-cell model has been confirmed through zonally averaged calculation from basic atmospheric variables. The fourth cell located over the two polar areas is respectively named as the Arctic cell in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and the Antarctic cell in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). The Hadley, Ferrel, Polar, and Arctic/Antarctic cells exist in each hemisphere but their intensities vary from day to day and from month to month.

  In the NH, the strengthening and broadening trends of the Hadley cell have been revealed, while the existence of the Arctic cell has also been confirmed in previous studies (Qian et al., 2015a,b; 2016a,b). Qian et al. (2016b) and Qian (2017) extended previous strengthening trend analysis of the Hadley cell to the Polar and Arctic cells in the NH and explored their climate influences. The results showed that the Polar cell experienced an abrupt change from a slow to a rapid strengthening trend in 1989, while the Arctic cell showed an insignificant strengthening trend and a significant weakening trend successively. The strengthening subsidence associated with the Polar and Arctic cells can partly explain the warming surface air temperature (SAT) and declining sea ice concentration (SIC) in the NH, through the increasing tropospheric height and temperature trends.

Biography:

Glen Gawarkiewicz is a Senior Scientist in the Physical Oceanography Department of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.  He is a sea-going oceanographer whose research interests include shelfbreak exchange processes, coastal ocean circulation, coastal ocean observatories, and inter-disciplinary science in the coastal ocean.

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem: There has been increasing attention on changes in the circulation and ecosystems of continental shelves in various regions of the world.  A region that is changing rapidly is the Middle Atlantic Bight of the northeastern U.S., where a recent warming trend has been identified and there have been significant impacts on the seasonal movements and spatial distributions of fish.  An important question is what types of forcing result in warming events, specifically whether atmospheric forcing via Jet Stream motions or offshore forcing via Gulf Stream interactions have primarily caused large temperature anomalies.

Methodology and Theoretical Orientation:  Recent observations have been used to determine the warming trend of temperature over the continental shelf off New Jersey over a 37 year period.  The extreme warming event in 2012 has been investigated using both observations and numerical models of ocean circulation.  Data collected by fishermen in early 2017 show Gulf Stream water extending across much of the continental shelf.

Findings:  Average shelf-wide temperature has been increasing off New Jersey in recent decades although with significant interannual variability.  The more recent trend from 2003-2013 is much larger than the trend from 1977-2013.  It appears that warm water is encroaching more frequently from the edge of the continental shelf, indicating more influence from Gulf Stream forcing.  The extreme warming in 2012 resulted from a northward shift in the position of the Jet Stream that reduced cooling of the coastal ocean by 50 per cent during the winter.  During early 2017, warm Gulf Stream water extended across much of the continental shelf south of New England resulting in warm anomalies of 5-6 Deg. C.

Conclusions and Significance:  Recent warming has had significant impacts on the continental shelf ecosystem and commercial fisheries. 

More observations are needed to establish causes and processes affected by this warming.  Coastal ocean observatories will be helpful in this regard.

Biography:

Ranhao Sun is a Ph.D. from University of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2008. He is an associate professor at the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, ChineseAcademy of Sciences (RCEES – CAS). His main areas of expertise are landscape ecology,physical geography, and geographic information systems. His current studiesfocus on two fields: (1) urban heat island effects in large cities related to landscapedesign and planning; and (2) ecosystemservices evaluation and modeling using GISand remote sensing technologies.

Abstract:

Climate change adaptation in urban areas is among the biggest challenges humanity faces due to the combined effects of urban heating and global warming. The variability of urban heat islands (UHI) is known to influence the effectiveness of climate adaptation strategies, but current understanding of urban climate variability is still limited. Here, we quantify the diurnal and seasonal variabilities of surface UHIs in 245 Chinese cities that vary in population and physical size, and examine their relationships with the underlying drivers. We found that local background climate, urban green spaces, and local anthropogenic heat emissions can explain 32-39%, 3-11%, and 4-12% of the diurnal UHI variability, respectively. These three variables also account for 17%, 7%, and 22% of the summer-winter UHI variability during the daytime, and 29%, 4%, and 26% during the nighttime, respectively. Our research suggests that the improvement of urban climate-change adaptation necessitates the local “climate-smart” strategies, reduction in local anthropogenic heat emissions, and rational use of green planning for sustainable urban development.

Biography:

Kashmira Pawaskar is a post graduate student in Centre for Climate Change and Sustainability Studies, School of Habitat Studies at Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India. She is interested in the energy policy analysis and climate change research. She has completed her basic education in mass communication and she is also interested in further researching on climate communication in international and national negotiations.

Abstract:

The historic Paris agreement was based on the strong commitment of 196 member countries to mitigate emissions. These human induced emissions are on rise due various reasons including electricity production, transportation, manufacturing and production of goods and services, and agriculture. Hence, a deeper understanding of the driving forces pertaining to energy related CO2 emissions is very important in formulating future mitigation policies. This paper aims at identifying these factors that have influenced the changes in the level of CO2 emissions over last two decades. By means of decomposition method, the observed changes are analysed in terms of four factors affecting the emissions - energy intensity, structural changes, emission intensity and economic activities. One of the popular Index Decomposition Analysis (IDA) method Log Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) is used, to decompose factors of

emission, due to its theoretical foundation, adaptability, ease of use and results interpretation with zero residual. The paper aims to study major economic sectors of four highest CO2 emitting developed countries (U.S, Japan, Germany and Canada) as well as four highest CO2 emitting developing countries (China, India, Russia, South Korea). The analysis is to be based on empirical data ranging from 1990-2014, which will decompose emissions based on sectoral (industry, services and agriculture) trends. It will further develop an understanding of how these changes in drivers, influencing emissions, will impact the mitigation targets committed by countries in their respective INDCs.

Biography:

Pramod K. Singh is a professor at the Institute of Rural Management Anand. Dr Singh has over 18 years of teaching and research experiences in the areas of governance and management of natural resources, climate change adaptation, vulnerability and resilience, disaster risk reduction, livelihoods, environment and development planning, and geoinformatics for development. He has completed over 30 research studies funded by central as well as state government departments and international development organizations. He teaches courses like rural livelihood systems, natural resources and sustainability to postgraduate and doctoral students.

Abstract:

India has highest population of livestock and dependency of a large segment of Indian population for their livelihood security on livestock is very high. Climate change and variability is likely to affect livestock health, livestock feed and livestock productivity very severely.

This paper tries to project the future scenarios of temperature and heat waves using five climate models (ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, IPSL-CM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM-CHEM and NorESM1-M) for the period of 2041-2070 (2050s) and 2071-2100 (2080s) across different RCPs. It tries to study the impacts of climate change and variability on general health and productivity of milk bearing animals. Based on Agro-ecological Zonation (Fischer, 2012)methodology, it also tries to project availability of feed during 2041-2070 (2050s) and 2071-2100 (2080s) for livestock.

Our findings reveal that there is likely to have decrease in milk production as a result of adverse health impacts due to rising temperature or heat waves incidences, decrease in milk productivity and shortage of animal feed. The paper suggests appropriate adaptation and mitigation pathways on various SSPs to sustain high level of milk production in India.

Biography:

Moses B. Adewole is a Senior Research Fellow in the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife, Nigeria. He holds B.Sc. (Chemistry), Ife (1985); M.Sc. (Agronomy) Soil Science, Ibadan (1995) and PhD (Agronomy) Soil Science, Ibadan (2006). He was a Deputy Director (Crops), Oyo State World Bank sponsored - Agricultural Development Project (OYSADEP) before joining the OAU, Ile-Ife as an academic member of staff in 2007. He presently teaches Advanced Soil Ecology, Soil Resources Management and Conservation, Municipal and Industrial Waste Management, and Farming System and the Environment at the postgraduate level. His main research is in the area of soil health and crop quality improvement using environment-friendly biotechnology approach. Dr. Adewole is a member of many professional bodies such as Farm Management Association of Nigeria, Biochar Initiative of Nigeria and Nigerian Organic Agriculture Network. He enjoys going on field trips and multidisplinary research.

Abstract:

A field experiment was conducted in 2014 and 2015 on an Ultisol soil type of forest ecology in Southwestern Nigeria to determine the effects of zero-tillage and biochar use on the rate of soil carbon sequestration and soil fertility maintenance when maize was the test crop. This was with a view to optimising strategies for enhancing carbon sequestration in the soil. The experimental field was prepared once and plots were laid in a randomised complete block design with three treatments, each replicated four times. Seeds of maize variety, ART/98/SW6 were sown and the treatments [maize stover and maize cob biochars], each at 10 t ha^-1 were applied at sowing. Zero biochar application served as control. Manual weeding of the plots was carried out at 2, 5 and 7 weeds after sowing (WAS), and the experiment terminated at 12 WAS. Maize stoverbiochar had higher potential for carbon sequestration with 12.45 t C ha^-1 yr^-1 as about 79% of the initial organic cabon remained in the soil after the two consecutive maize cropping. Enhanced dry matter yield and nutrient uptake of maize were obtained with zero-tillage agrosystem and biochars as soil amendments in a sandy loam soil of Nigerian forest ecology.

Biography:

Liming Zhou has research interests in land-atmosphere/climate interaction, land-surface remote sensing, remote sensing of vegetation dynamics,land-surface modeling, climate modeling, andapplications of various remote sensed products in weather, climate, and environmental sciences.During the past decade, he has used satellite data, observations and climate models to understand physical processes/mechanisms and interactions of land-human-climate systems, and to improve model capability to predict climate change and assess its impacts and consequence on our climate and environment. Land surface processes related to vegetation dynamics, deforestation, afforestation, urbanization, desertification, and renewable wind energy are his emphases.

Abstract:

Previous research found that the warming rateobserved for the period 1979–2012 increases dramaticallywith decreasing vegetation greenness over land in mid- and low- latitudes, with the strongest warming rate seen overthe driest ecoregions such as the Sahara desert and the ArabianPeninsula, suggesting warming amplification over deserts.Here I analyze the observed and projected surface temperature anomalies over land between50°S-50°N for the period 1950–2099 by large-scale ecoregion and find strongest warming consistentlyand persistently seen over the driest ecoregions duringvarious 30-year periods, pointing to desert amplification in a warming climate (similar to polar amplification). This amplificationenhances linearly with the global mean greenhouse gases (GHGs) radiative forcing. Possible mechanisms for this amplification are explored by analyzing changes in various variablesrelated to atmospheric profiles, surface radiative forcing, landsurface properties, and surface energy and radiation budget. My results show that desert amplification islikely attributable mostly to a stronger GHGs-enhanced downward longwave radiation forcing reaching the surfaceover drier ecoregions as a consequence of a warmer and thus moister atmosphere in response toincreasing GHGs. These results indicate that desert amplification may represent a fundamental patternof global warming associated with water vapor feedbacks over land in low- and mid- latitudes wheresurface warming rates depend inversely on ecosystem dryness. It is possible that desert amplificationmight involve two types of water vapor feedbacks that maximize respectively in the tropical uppertroposphere and near the surface over deserts, with both being very dry and thus extremely sensitive tochanges of water vapor.

Biography:

The authors belong to the Institute of Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics at the Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg and to the Institute for Energy Process Engineering and Fuel Technology at the Clausthal University of Technology in Germany and conduct research in the field of heat radiation in industrial kilns.

Abstract:

There are countless climate models, which predict the impacts of the anthropogenic CO₂ emissions on the global earth temperature. Because of the large number of influencing parameters used, these models are mostly very complex, so the influences of the particular parameter can hardly be comprehended, i.e. the CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere.

Due to this fact, the greenhouse effect is described with simple analytical resolvable equations. Therefore a simplified uniform surface temperature of the earth is assumed. The radiation exchange between earth, clouds, space and the layers of gas between is calculated with these equations, which were developed for the analogue radiation exchange in industrial furnaces. With this model, the temperature profile in the atmosphere can be described relatively well.

The CO₂ in the atmosphere acts as a radiation shield, which increases the heat resistance against the outgoing long-wave radiation from the earth surface. The known average temperature of the Earth was used to validate this model.

When the CO₂ in the atmosphere is doubled, the absorptivity increases slightly.Because of this increase, the temperature of the earth surface has to increase about 0.4 Kelvin to compensate the increased heat transport resistance.
Since 1860,the Earth's temperaturehas already risendue toanthropogenic CO₂emissionsby0.2Kelvin. The measuredincrease of about0.9Kelvinis attributed toside effectscausedby theCO₂ related temperature increase. Therefore, atemperatureincrease of more than 0.4 Kelvinis predictedfor the future.Without CO_2, the temperature of the Earth would be 4 K colder.

Biography:

Mitsuru Osaki is Professor of Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University and Professor of Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University from 2006. He was trained as a plant physiologist and soil scientist, and obtained his doctorate degree in from the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, in Japan in 1981. He worked as Associate Scientist in Maize Unit of CIMMYT in Mexico from 1982 to 1984. Until 2006, he has been working with the Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University in Japan, to implement a research and teaching on Rhizosphere Management. He also has been carried out many collaborative researches and teaching projects on tropical land management and rehabilitation of tropical forest. Also he is a Project Leader of JST-JICA Project on "Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia" from 2008 to 2014. He is also interested in sustainability viewed from soil fertility, food production, bio-energy, land management and SATOYAMA.

Abstract:

The CDEFs security is new concept on estimation and management of High Carbon Reservoir Ecosystem, especially in Tropical Peatland such as;Climate Change security, (bio)Diversity security,Energy security,Food/feed security, and social security.Peatland is typical case, which relate closely with the CDEFs security, because peatland sustains high water table and high carbon reservoir, and high biomass productivity, contributing mitigation and adaptation to Climate Change security,  high  Bio-Diversity, high Biomass Energy production, high Food/feed production, and social security throughout CDEF security. In past, unfortunately tropical peatland management and development have been misleading against high CDEFs security of tropical peatland.

Lets remind again what is “The Tropical Peatland Principle” (1,2).  Tropical Peatland is typical case of wetland, then water is most functional element among other wetland. Especially, high water table, not moisture is most rational principal for peat formation and peat conservation.Because oxygen permeability is a key factor of peat decomposition.Even if peat keep wet condition, O₂ permeate until water table of peatland, then peat is decomposed quickly (3).

Internationally, water is most important resource for terrestrial ecosystem. Global Risks 2015 reported "Top 10 risks in terms of global Impact" (4), in which Water crises is ranked as number one. Thus, it is better to change basically national policy on tropical peatland management used as wet-peatland, not dry-peatland. Wet-peatland function as large water reservoir, which is great benefit, rolling as natural capital such as water dam. Natural capital of Wet-peatland as Water Reservoir is inestimable, because especially Wet-peatland securer to supply water in dry season even if El Niño year, which contribute to the national food/feed security, and at same time, to reduction of CO₂ emission. In other words, Wet-peatland contribute globally to both mitigation (reduction of CO₂ emission) and adaptation (water supply for plant growth in severe dry) against  climate change.

Biography:

Xia Jia has her expertise in evaluation in the effect of global changes combined with heavy metal-polluted soils on ecosystems. Her research has been in the general field of interrelationships between plants and rhizosphere microenvironment under global changes combined with heavy metals. The long-term objective of her study is to have a better understanding of the response mechanism of ecosystems to the combination of global change and metal-contaminated soils, and eventually apply the knowledge gained in her study to assess the environmental risk of global change combined with heavy metal pollution to ecosystems.

Abstract:

Elevated atmospheric CO₂ and contamination of soil with heavy metals co-occur in natural ecosystems and have important effects on the soil microenvironment by influencing plant physiology. We examined the response of the black locust rhizosphere microenvironment to elevated atmospheric CO₂ (700 ppm) in combination with Cd- and Pb-contamination. Elevated CO₂ led to an increase in organic compounds (total soluble sugars, soluble phenolic acids, free acids, and organic acids), microbial populations, biomass, and activity, and enzyme activity (urease, dehydrogenase, invertase, and β-glucosidase) and changes in microbial community in rhizosphere soils under Cd, Pb, or Cd + Pb treatments relative to ambient CO₂. Elevated CO₂ also corresponded to an increase in chlorophyll a and b in leaves, total sugars, and starch in leaves and stems of black locust seedlings under Cd and Pb stress relative to either metal alone, which indicated that changes in the rhizosphere microenvironment was affected by the response of seedlings physiology. The pH was lower under elevated CO₂ + Pb + Cd than under metals, which led to changes in Cd and Pb fractionation between soils and plants. Therefore, the removal of Cd and Pb in rhizosphere soils and the uptake of Cd and Pb by plants increased under elevated CO₂. The increased removal of Cd and Pb in soils and the high rate of Cd and Pb uptake under elevated CO₂ indicated that black locust seedlings can be used for phytoremediation of contaminated soils under global change scenarios. Furthermore, our study also suggests that elevated CO₂ alters the distribution of heavy metals in soil and plants and stimulates the uptake of plants, thereby probably affecting food quality and safety. Overall, elevated CO₂ benefits the soil microenvironment in the rhizosphere of black locust seedlings in Cd- and Pb-contaminated soils.

Biography:

Nils-Axel (”Niklas”) Mörner took his Ph.D. in Quaternary Geology at Stockholm University in 1969. Head of the institute of Paleogeophysics & Geodynamics (P&G) at Stockholm University from 1991 up to his retirement in 2005. He has written many hundreds of research papers and several books. He has presented more than 500 papers at major international conferences. He has undertaking field studies in 59 different countries. The P&G institute became an international center for global sea level change, paleoclimate, paleoseismics, neotectonics, paleomagnetism, Earth rotation, planetary-solar-terrestrial interaction, etc. Among his books; Earth Rheology, Isostasy and Eustasy (Wiley, 1984), Climate Change on a Yearly to Millennial Basis (Reidel, 1984), Paleoseismicity of Sweden: a novel paradigm (P&G-print, 2003), The Greatest Lie Ever Told (P&G-print, 2007), The Tsunami Threat: Research & Technology (InTech, 2011), Geochronology: Methods and Case Studies (InTech, 2014), Planetary Influence on the Sun and the Earth, and a Modern Book-Burning (Nova, 2015).

Abstract:

The sea level changes in the Fiji Islands have been the focus at the UN conference on Our Oceans, Our Future on June 5-9, hosted by the governments of Sweden and Fiji, and will surely be in the focus again at the COP23 conference in Bonn, November 6-17, hosted by the Government of Fiji. This focus, however, was quite miss-directed,depending on models and preconceived ideas, and ignoring observational facts. Anticipating that this would be the case, we undertook a special sea level investigation in the Fiji Islands themselves, bringing forward evidenced-based observational facts on past and present sea level changes [1].

As an example of what we mean by evidence-based observa-tional facts, we refer to our paper on the sea level changes in the Indian Ocean [2], where we combine multiple observational facts like coastal morphology, stratigraphy, ecology, coastal dynamics, history, archaeology and radiocarbon dating.

We have discussed the tide-gauge stations on the island of Vitu Levi [3] and coastal erosion on the Yasawa Islands [4]. Now we summarize our findings with respect to sea level changes [1, 5] as illustrated in Figure 1.

The shores of the Yasawa Islands are characterized by a strong coastal stability [1, 4, 5]. The HTL is, on rocky coasts, marked by rock-cut platforms and under-cut notches and sea caves, indicative of multi-decadal sea level stability. At several places we observed the occurrence of coral “mini-atolls” with a living coral rim at 40-60 cm below LTL (Fig. 1).

The conclusion is that the regional eustatic ocean level has remained stable in the Fiji region for, at least, several decades, and that there do not exist any observational signs of any present on-going sea level rise. Anyone claiming the opposite does this for reasons other than evidence-based scientific observations.

Biography:

Guzmán-Barraza is a Sustainability and Climate Change Consultant and former Field Engineer in the Oil & Gas industry, whose work has had a positive impact on the urban development of Monterrey. She recently represented civil society on climate change topics in the United Nations in NYC, and in multiple international high-level events. She is also a collaborative partner of the UNFCCC, and of the Civil Society Partner Constituent Group of the United Nations General Assembly of Habitat III. Guzmán-Barraza has received certified training on Climate Change topics by former Vice President of the USA Al Gore, NASA, UN Habitat, UNICEF, UNITAR, WHO, and UNCC:Learn, and is also among the world´s first generation certified by the World Bank as a regional-scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories Specialist. She holds a MSC degree in Sustainable Energy Engineering from the UK, a BSc degree in Industrial & Systems Engineering from LA most prominent higher institution -Tec de Monterrey-, and has been the recipient of multiple awards, scholarships, and commemorations.

Abstract:

PM2.5 is particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns of diameter, which is 20-28 times smaller than that of a human hair. Prolonged exposure to concentration levels above 10 Mg/m3 of this type of air pollution increases the risks of cardiovascular diseases by 95%, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). It also contributes to global warming, and as such, to climate change, which poses the largest threat to humanity in history.
In the spirit of collaborating with the international community to solve the climate crisis, this research was developed using my home country, Mexico, as a case study. It can be replicated for every country in the world. Figure 1 shows the annual mean estimates for PM2.5 concentration levels in the country, highlighting darker colors for areas with higher concentrations of this type of air pollution. Notice that the region around the south east, Mexico City, and Monterrey show alarmingly dangerous high levels of concentration, which pose a huge threat to the health of locals. These regions are also were much of the country´s GDP is generated. Major oilfields are located in the southeast, while up north around Monterrey, the region is home to the leading cement, steel, glass, beer, industries, as well as plenty other industrial processes. We must be aware of the sources of greenhouse gas emissions around human settlements, monitor the quality of the air we breathe, and address the urgency of implementing new climate adaptation & mitigation plans around the world. There is an acute relationship between climate change & health, and not taking action comes at a cost far higher than the upfront costs of addressing the needs for clean technologies.
This research supports the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health & Well-Being) & 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) - both of which specifically address air quality using PM2.5 concentration levels as an indicator. It was generated using the skills gained on my recent certified NASA training on creating air quality data sets derived from satellite observations. It is also my first surprise contribution, as a voluntary collaborative partner, to the Monterrey Metropolitan Area Air Quality (OCCAMM) Citizen Observatory.

Biography:

Carolina Martínez (Ph.D. - Geography) is a Professor at the Geography Institute at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC). Her area of research is geomorphology and costal environment dynamics, coastal and natural risk management. Her recent works are focused on analysing factors of change on tectonic coasts that are recently affected by natural disturbances such as earthquakes, tsunamis and swells. She also studies the socio-territorial effects on costal locations.

Abstract:

In the central Chilean region (33°-38.6°S), the Mw=8.8 earthquake of February 27, 2010, and the associated tsunami generated widespread devastation along 600 km of shoreline. This event caused strong morphologic, environmental and social changes. Coastal uplift larger than 2 m on the west coast of Arauco Peninsula (37°-37.7°S) produced the outcropping of shore platforms, changes in the intertidal zone, and the drying of wetlands. One of the most affected coastal wetlands was the Tubul-Raqui where important geomorphological, ecological and socio-territorial changes were generated. Here, the uplift magnitude was 1.4m. In the 1960s, a group of fishermen and algae (gracilariachilensis) gatherers was organized, forming a settlement of about 2000 residents.This was severely affected by the tsunami of February 27, 2010. In this context, the inundation risk due to tsunami in Tubul,Arauco Gulf was evaluated (Image). The risk of tsunami inundation is analyzed for an extreme event in the town of Tubul (37 ° S), Bio-Bio Region. Three scenarios were identified for risk assessment, in all of which numerical simulation was applied. Two of the three scenarios were local tsunamis, the events of 1835 and 2010, and the event of 1877 was included to determine the effects of a far field tsunami. The tsunami of 1835 was determined as an extreme event, which gave inundation heights of 10m and run-up of 10m. Vulnerability was analyzed from physical, socioeconomic and educational points of views. Two levels of vulnerability were defined, namely medium and high. These levels were selected based on the poor housing materials, the vulnerable socioeconomic profiles of the population, low educational levels and the population´s reactions to these tsunami events. The results show that natural risk is obtained at the high level in the whole town. These results were also compared with the current Reconstruction Plan.

Biography:

Wei Puis a PhD candidate in climatology. He focused on studying insoluble light-absorbing particles (ILAPs) in snow and its effect on snow albedo and subsequent climate change. He has participated in several field campaigns to collect snow in China and has rich experiences in processing snow samples and analyzingILAPs content. He also has involved inthe development of a snow albedo model.

Abstract:

Insoluble light-absorbing particles (ILAPs), primarily black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and dust, deposited on snow can reduce snow albedo,which can significantly affect regional and global climate.Hence, understanding ILAPs content in snow is very important for climate prediction. We conducted a large field campaign and collected 284 snow samples at 38 sites in Xinjiang Province and 6 sites in Qinghai Province across northwestern China from January to February 2012. A spectrophotometer combined with chemical analysis was used to measure ILAPs and chemical components in seasonal snow. The results indicate that the cleanest snow was found in northeastern Xinjiang along the border of China, and it presented an estimated black carbon () of approximately 5 ng g^-1. The dirtiest snow presented a  of approximately 450 ng g^-1 near industrial cities in Xinjiang. Overall, the  of most of the snow samples collected in this campaign was in the range of 10-150 ng g^-1. Vertical variations in the snowpack ILAPs indicated a probable shift in emission sources with the progression of winter. An analysis of the fractional contributions to absorption implied that organic carbon (OC) dominated the 450-nm absorption in Qinghai, while the contributions from BC and OC were comparable in Xinjiang. Finally, a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was run to explore the sources of particulate light absorption, and the results indicated an optimal three-factor/source solution that included industrial pollution, biomass burning, and soil dust.

Biography:

. Bernardin Peroš, M.Sc.C.E. Completed his Ph. D. in 1995. at the Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Zagreb Croatia. His Doctoral thesis was “Safety of structures with a dominant wind load”. He was a professor of eight courses at graduate studies and two courses at postgraduate-doctoral studies at the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture University of Split. He was a professor at postgraduate studies at the Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Zagreb and Faculty of Civil engineering in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Hercegovina.

He was a vice –rector at the University of Split 2002-2004, and a dean of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2007-2010.

Scientific research:  Safety of engineering structures and risk assessment under extreme actions. Publications includes: 92 scientific papers in journals and proceedings of scientific conferences. He was a mentor for a great number of postgraduate and doctoral theses. He has tree published books and two textbookks for students.

Membership: International Association for Wind Engineering (IAWE. ECCS –European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (ECCS);  COST TU 0904 – Integrated Fire Engineering and Response. He is Member of technical boards for development of Croatian norms and regulations in civil engineering.

Abstract:

Nowdeys, we have the occurrence of large-scale damage in buildings (wind, snow, temperature, earthquake, etc.), all of which are caused by climate and other changes (planned global increasing the Earth's temperature to year 2100. in the amount of 1 - 6 °C).

Aditionally, the contribution of air pollution on a regional and global level, which refers to the general process of urbanization, should be added to the list. Studies of urban climatology have been developed at the level of theory and numerical modeling, while detailed research are close to determining the actual air quality in cities.

Here the urban climate can be understood by studying the changes that are primarily the result of changes in land use, resourcing of energy, moisture, circulation, and local air quality. All this leads to the consideration and the fact that the construction in its lifetime, is exposed a complex process of degradation, which primarily reflected to the reduction in their resistance and stability. The solution of this process of degradation is in determining structures durability in all phases of design, construction and use. Depending on the previous phases, maintenance can be preventive or existential.

The trend of structural reliability (decreasing resistance and increasing the load), can be the cause of the gradual (time) "damage", and as a result "unexpected damage" which was primarily caused by climatic and other changes in the useful life of the building. We're talking about a new trend in structural design, where the probability failure mechanisms of structures (p_f) expressed in time p_f(t):

where:

F_R(x,t) - the current "cumulative" distribution function of structural resistance,

f_S(x,t) - the current "density" load structure.

The needed for further scientific expert research is as follows:

- Scientific studies of climate and other changes by aspect of extreme action on the structure.

- The monitoring of the behavior of significant buildings during use.

- Research Chemical- mechanical Civil engineering properties of a new generation of materials in accordance with modern technologies.

- Creating New Models - behavior of structures in the life of the relative state of the environment (climate and other changes).

Biography:

Geoffrey Mukwada is an Associate Professor in Environmental Geography and is based at the University of the Free State in South Africa. Professor Mukwada’s research primarily revolves around natural resource management, climate change and rural livelihoods. He has published more than thirty papers in accredited journals. He is the founding coordinator of the Afromontane Research Unit (ARU) at the University of the Free State and is the current coordinator of the Living and Doing Business in Afromontane Environments theme of the ARU.

Abstract:

Despite being perched in the relatively high rainfall Drakensberg Mountain Region, Lesotho has recently experienced severe droughts which have placed large numbers of people at risk. Generally rated rated rated rated rated rated as a “fragile state” “ and a typical Least Developed Country ”, by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the countryneeds technical assistance in terms of climate change preparedness. This paper investigates the spatiotemporal variability of drought in Lesotho, using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) values that were calculated from gridded precipitation data. The data were acquired from the CRUTS website through Climate Explorer and were for the 1960-2014 period. The resolution of the data was 0.5o x 0.5o. The calculations were done using the Drought Index Calculator (DrinC) and were for the January, February and March (JFM) months, the prime period during which the country receives most of its precipitation. The resultant SPI values were categorized using McKee’s et al. (1993) classification to determine the years when specific grid points experienced droughts of particular levels of severity, including moderate, severe and extremely severe droughts. Time series analysis was then employed to determine drought and wet years alongside amounts of precipitation, and the spatial variability of the SPI values for drought years were interpolated in an ArcGIS (version 10.3) environment. The results indicate that the northern, southern and western parts of the country are more susceptible to drought, compared to the eastern parts of the country. This knowledge is important for drought related disaster management planning and for designing policies that mitigate climate related hazards and enhance vulnerability in the country.

Biography:

Zeyaur Khan has made significant contribution to African society by enhancing food security and environmental sustainability through scientific research into the complex mechanisms that govern the ecology of plant–insect interactions and plant signaling in smallholder cereal–livestock production systems, leading to development of ‘push–pull’, an ecological, pro-poor agricultural innovation, and its adaptation to climate change to ensure its long term sustainability;  and for leading a research-based extension system for wide-scale dissemination of  push–pull, in which natural and social scientists work closely with farmers and extension agents to ensure that research serves the evolution and spread of the technology.

Abstract:

adaptable, productive agricultural systems that are resilient to the risks and shocks associated with long-term climate variability is essential to maintaining food production into the future. Climate-smart agriculture systems needs to protect and enhance natural resources and ecosystem services in a way that mitigate future climate change. We developed the ‘push-pull’ system (www.push-pull.net), a conservation agriculture companion cropping technology for smallholder mixed farming systems which effectively controls serious biotic constraints to cereal production in Africa, insect pests  and striga weed, while improving soil health and biodiversity. The companion plants provide high value animal fodder, facilitating milk production. Furthermore, soil fertility is improved due to the nitrogen fixing intercrop and soil degradation is prevented. The environmental and economic benefits of push–pull are most evident when it is part of an integrated crop-livestock system on a mixed smallholder farm, driving the cycling of nutrients between crops, animals and soil. Push–pull contains a legume, desmodium, which adds nitrogen to soil and has a trailing habit, helping conserve soil moisture. It reduces digging and adds to soil organic matter, enhancing the capacity of the soil to sequester carbon. The push-pull system has been adapted to drier and hotter conditions linked to climate change by identification and incorporation of drought tolerant companion crops (http://www.push-pull.net/Climate-smart_Push-Pull.pdf). This climate-smart push-pull directly responds to rising uncertainties in Africa’s rain-fed agriculture due to the continent’s vulnerability to climate change. The new companion crops, can withstand extended periods of drought stress. To date push-pull has been adopted by over 130,000 smallholder farmers in eastern Africa whose cereal yields have increased from about 1 t/ha to 3.5 t/ha. Low-input technologies that address several production constraints and deliver multiple benefits are more relevant for African smallholder farmers but also have useful lessons for agricultural systems in the developed world.

Biography:

Tijian Wang is a professor and vice director of School of Atmospheric Science of Nanjing University, committee member of IGAC-China, Deputy Secretary-General of Atmospheric Environmental Society of Chinese Environmental Science Society and vice director of Atmospheric Composition Society Chinese of Meteorological Society. His research interests center around regional air pollution and climate change, urban atmospheric chemistry and environmental meteorology, air quality and haze weather forecast, atmospheric deposition and air-soil exchange. More than 200 papers have been published in the domestic and international professional journals.

Abstract:

Ozone plays a key role in global and regional climate change and atmospheric environment. Tropospheric ozone is not only a main greenhouse gas, but also a secondary pollutant. In East Asia，ozone can be affected both in concentration and spatial pattern by typical monsoon climate and high ozone is always linked with heat wave. Using regional climate model RegCM-Chem, the difference of ozone between strong monsoon years and weak monsoon years was analyzed. It was found that EASM intensity can significantly influence the spatial distribution of the low-level ozone. When EASM is strong, ozone in central Asia (28°N ~ 42° N) was reduced, but inversed in the north and south. Surface ozone difference range from -6.5 to 6.9ppb during the four months(May to August) in summer monsoon season, showing the most obvious difference in August. Difference of four month averaged ozone range from -3 to 3.8 ppb and regional variation range from-10% to 25%. Process analysis shows that the main factors controlling ozone level during summer monsoon seasons are the advection and chemistry. Observations indicated that YRD experienced severe heat waves with maximum temperature up to 41.1 °C, 6.1 °C higher than the definition of heat wave in China, and can last for as long as 27 days. Maximum ozone reached 160.5 ppb, exceeding the national air quality standard (secondary level) as 74.7 ppb. Moreover, ozone was found to increase at a rate of 4-5 ppb K^-1 within the temperature range of 28-38 °C, but decrease by a rate of -1.3~-1.7 ppb K^-1 under extremely high temperature. Modeling studies show that chemical reactions play the most important role in ozone formation during heat wave days. High temperature also slightly promote the effect of dry deposition velocity, vertical turbulence and horizontal advection, which beneficial to ozone remove, but the magnitude is much smaller than chemical effect.

Biography:

Jianan Zhao is currently a professor of Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). More recent his expertise is focused on the relationship between energy resources, regional development and industrial carbon emission. He has published more than 50 academic papers in these areas.

Abstract:

Since the beginning of 21st century, the rapid development of economy in Tibet creates a substantial increase in energy consumption. Statistics derived from direct and indirect surveys show that total energy consumption has surpassed five million tce, where electricity, petroleum products and biomass energy play the primary role. Furthermore, non-fossil energy including hydroelectricity, photovoltaic power and biomass energy accounts for more than 50% in the total consumption. This paper aims to provide a roadmap targeting the development of both energy supply and consumption under the current trends of sustainable requirement (see Figure 1). Overall, clean energy is very abundant in Tibet, which is recognized as the region that has the greatest potential in developing hydroelectricity, photovoltaic resources in the future of China. Moreover, the process and scale of clean energy utilization has been extending along with the development of power grid with both of backbone- and distributed-forms covering whole Tibet. In future, it is predicted that the development of hydroelectricity and photovoltaic power is not only to satisfy the consumption in Tibet, but also have surplus power transmitted to other regions in China and even other neighboring countries, such as Nepal and India. Therefore, it is expected that Tibet will become the most important region of clean energy production and transmission in China.

Biography:

Lei Shen is currently a professor and director of Key Lab for Resources Use and Environmental Restoration (RUER), Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He was the consultant of the World Economic Forum in Minerals and Metals Council in 2010 and the World Bank in 2006, and the academic committee of Word Mine Ministry Forum in 2008. He was granted the “Excellent Scientist by China Society of Natural Resources in 2012 and 2013”. More recent his expertise is focused on energy policy and mineral economics, involving the areas of regulatory systems surrounding resource extraction, energy intensive industry, cement manufacturing and regional development planning in China, resources-based city transformation and sustainable development, and energy and mineral security and multi-lateral resource cooperation. He also has particular experience in policy for small-scale mining in China.

Abstract:

Under the objectives of sustainable development, regional energy security (RES) and carbon emission mitigation (CEM), in theory at least, should have significant synergetic benefits. In practice, however, many cases in regard to trade-offs and even conflicts are always found due to the variations in the interest orientation of energy service subjects. And thus the current solution to the conflicts between RES and CEM still lack of a comprehensive and systematic planning. This paper aimed to explore a roadmap for chasing the optimal synergy between RES and CEM. The analysis verified the findings of recent studies that both synergies and conflicts between RES and CEM have significant impacts, and we also established a framework for positioning the basic objectives with core elements of RES and CEM (see Figure 1). This framework was designed with a concern on the multi-scale combining the short- and long-term perspectives in related to national, sub- national and micro-behavior levels: in national level, the energy supply security should be still treated as the core issue, and then the carbon mitigation goals derived from international climate negation could be followed up; in sub-national level, more attention should be paid on the inter-regional cooperation of energy efficiency along with the regional planning of carbon mitigation; in micro-behavior level, the changes in the patterns of energy use and carbon mission should be discussed based on the interactions between macro-policy and micro-behavior. Several solutions for optimizing synergic benefits and resolving conflict problems should be placed from macro- to micro-scales with the perspectives from short-term to long-term: in national-scale, an optimal interval for energy supply to integrate the targets should be provided; in sub-national scale, an optimal interval for synergetic planning should be arranged; in micro-behaviors scale, a roadmap chasing the lowest levels of energy use and carbon emission should be proposed.

Biography:

I am Simita Roy, have completed my B.Arch from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) in 2016. Now I am working as lecturer in University of Asia Pacific (UAP), Dhaka, Bangladesh. My field of interest is climate change and how architecture can help to mitigate the impact of climate change. I have done a primary research on making a vulnerable indigenous community self resilient in an ecologically responsive way in case of climate change, which was done as my final year thesis of B.Arch program.

Abstract:

The coastal region of Bangladesh covers almost about 20% of the country and more than 30% of the cultivable lands of the country. The major problem faced by the coastal region is undeniable and unequivocal climate change which leads to permanent inundation, drainage congestion, salinity intrusion and frequent storm surge inundation. About 53% of the coastal areas of Bangladesh are affected by salinity. The agricultural production of these areas is much lower than the other areas of Bangladesh. Shyamnagar upazilla, Satkhira, is one of the vulnerable coastal areas to the climate change, which was severely affected during the cyclone Aila, 2009. This paper is based on field observations and design thinking in creating a symbiotic relationship between the built environment and the community aiming towards resilience in the context of a changing climate. Discussions regarding design approaches in making a community self resilient in an ecologically responsive way will be presented by focusing on four issues - cyclone, salinity intrusion, climate change and decreasing rate of mangrove. To achieve the expected result the basis was ‘Function Follows Flow’. Primary data and secondary data have used to understand all kinds of flows such as ‘flow of water’, ‘flow of wind’ in and around the site. The expected result of this research will give a vision to make a vulnerable indigenous community self resilient in an ecologically responsive way in case of climate change.

Biography:

Limao WANG is Professor in Energy Economy and Environmental policy at Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He has been active in the area of Energy Economics and Energy Security for nearly 20 years. His current research interests focus on Energy Geopolitics, Energy Consumption and Climate Change Policy.

Abstract:

Setting low-carbon development should take account of multi-objectives with concern on different economic and policy background. This paper designed two scenarios to present the low-carbon energy development in China, including the appropriate low-carbon scenario (S1) and the advanced low-carbon scenario (S2), where three economic objectives (represented by the annual GDP growth rate) was set at 4%, 6% and 8% respectively during the period between 2015-2030.The analysis evaluated the development potentials of low carbon energy and their contributions for achieving the national target of cutting down the CO2 emission per unit GDP by 60%~65% by 2030 (compared to the 2005 level). We provided several findings: (1) under the S1, low-carbon energy will reach 11.94 Gtce, whereas under the S2, it will reach 14.93 Gtce by 2030. It was predicted that if the annual GDP growth rate was set at 4%, 6%, and 8% between 2015 and 2030, China should cut down 143.63, 194.81and 262.73 Gt CO2 emission, respectively; (2) Low carbon energy would contribute 12.58% (minimum) to 31.19% (maximum) toward the 2030 carbon intensive target; (3) higher GDP growth rate would make lower contribution in carbon mitigation. Maintaining a higher GDP growth rate would require more investment to low carbon energy, along with the optimization in economic restructure and the improvement of carbon productivity.

Biography:

Shuai Zhong is currently an assistant professor for resources economics and policy in Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He has contributed to the research on energy security, carbon emission mitigation in cement production, resources-based city transformation and water pricing and management by applying computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. He has made some contributions to CGE analysis by focusing on the issues from multi-regional and dynamic perspectives, such as the optimal allocation of regional resources with a long-term planning. His research is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41501604, 41271547 and 71633006) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0602802).

Abstract:

From a policy perspective, the differences between the objectives of energy security (ES) and carbon mitigation (CM) are evident but related. In this study, we conducted a literature analysis to evaluate available policies around the world with focus on ES and CM. The analysis verified the findings that many policies have huge co-benefits potential, but we also found the conflicts in different cases of certain polices (see Figure 1). As the conflicts become more significant and serious, ‘policy mix’ by taking various measures with a better planning is proposed to bring co-benefits between ES and CM. The findings indicate the necessity to design a policy roadmap integrated with an optimal policy mix, and the computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework has distinct advantages in the areas of policy analysis. Taking China as a case, we obtained this policy roadmap by establishing a multi-objective optimization model and it propose the best solution for improving energy saving and carbon abatement compared to single-objective optimization models. Furthermore, the different values of energy consumption peaks and carbon emission peaks were projected for 2016-2050 under different policy scenarios equipped with various policy mixes. We set the year 2030 as the timeline to define the multiple stages with different priorities in policy objectives: before 2030, policy objective would give priority to economic development; around 2030, policy objective would give priority to peaking carbon emission and reducing carbon intensity by 60-65% (compared to 2005 level); after 2030, policy objective would give priority to economic restructure with sustainable energy supply for supporting the post-industrialization. The comparative analysis on these policy scenarios not only provided an optimal interval for energy supply, but also estimated the highest, optimal and lowest levels of carbon emission peaks, respectively, through evaluating the effects derived from different policy scenarios.

Biography:

GENG Yuanbo has his expertise in nutrient elements cycle (C, N, Mn etc.) in grassland ecosystem and the carbon emission in cement production. He partitioned soil respiration in steppe by root biomass exponential regression method and stable carbon isotope 13C pulse labeling method in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. He researched CO2 emission factors from cement industry and corrected CO2 emission classification in cement production process.

Abstract:

In this study, we researched the soil respiration distinction with 13C pulse labeling technique combining static chamber-Keeling plot method in the Leymus chinensis grassland in Xinlin River basin, Inner-Mongolia. During the observation period, the δ13C value of soil respiration averaged (-17.8±0.8) ‰, which was at the range of -20.7‰~-15.7‰; δ13C of microbial respiration averaged (-21.3±0.5) ‰, ranging from-22.5‰~-19.0‰. Roots do not reflect newly assimilated C since they have long residence time. The contribution of root respiration to soil respiration averaged (30±6) %, ranging from 7%~69%. The fraction of root respiration to soil respiration began to increase from the middle of July and reached its peak value until the middle of August. Then, it gradually decreased.

Biography:

Li Wei, female, Professor at School of Economics and Management, Taiyuan University of Technology. Director of China Natural Resources Society and deputy director of resource economy committee, executive director of energy law branch of China Double Law Research Association, executive director of energy resources system engineering branch of China Society of Systems Engineering. She was selected in "academic and technical leaders" of Shanxi Province and "131" talent projects.

Professor Li Wei engaged in energy and environmental economics and management research. She makes a breakthrough for first introduction of the complexity theory and method into regional carbon emissions research. She published more than 40 papers and a monograph "regional energy-saving potential theory and empirical research", by which she won the "first prize" of eighth outstanding social science research. She undertook several projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation or Shanxi Science and Technology Bureau.

Abstract:

The Antarctic affects global climate change and environmental safety greatly. With the human activities increasing, the influence on ecological environment is proliferating and migrating between different levels. Carbon footprint (CF) is nowadays one of the most widely used environmental indicators. Given the uniqueness of Antarctic, this work defines the carbon footprint for human actives on Antarctic based on connotation presented by formers. The calculation methods of carbon footprint were discussed according to the principles of life cycle assessments. The mixed life cycle analyses (MLCA)were presented to calculated the carbon footprint accurately. The MLCA method combines the input-output analysis with bottom –up analysis and employ the advantage of each one. The driving factors were discussed influencing the formation of carbon footprint of human activities on Antarctic. The meta analyses were used and nearly all studies about carbon footprint for Antarctic were investigated. Lastly, this study put some efforts to establish benign mankind activities in the Antarctic by the study of the behavior of mankind activities.

Biography:

Lai Lai has her experience in conducting yield trial experiments of pigeon pea, ground nut, sesame and green gram. Besides she is expert in research area of pod borer resistant varieties of pigeonpea, incidence of chafer betel and effective insecticide in groundnut, pigeonpea, groundnut and mungbean. In her MSc study, she observed in Effect of Storage Methods on Fungi, Aflatoxin Contamination and Seed Quality of Small- and Large-Seeded Types Peanut. She is staff officer in department of agriculture under ministry of agriculture, livestock and irrigation, Myanmar. She is responsible in testing seed viability by Tetrazolium Solution, field inspection, seed testing, seed certification for rice seed farm, samples from contract farmers in rice growing township. As a member of technical extension group in Department of Agriculture, she is teaching quality seed production technologies and seed quality control procedures, post harvest technologies to DOA staffs in different regions of the country. Currently, she is studying for PhD degree in University Putra Malaysia. Her research path way is effect of rice straw biochar and different N fertilizer rates on greenhouse gases emission in sustainable rice productivity.

Abstract:

In the next 25 years, rice productivity will need to increase 70% more to feed the growing human population. So extensive mineral fertilizer application will increase and directed to worsen greenhouse gases emission problem. Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) emission by the main cause of agricultural increases isthe application of Nitrogen fertilizers. Besides, most of the world’s rice is grown in flooded conditions that favors to methane-producing bacteria. In agriculture, the use of mineral fertilizer should be assessed not only for the food but also for climate change mitigation. So these studies investigate the effect of rice straw biochar and nitrogen fertilizer management strategiesto mitigate climate change in sustainable rice production. The pot experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments are rice straw biochar (9 ton/ha) was added with (150 kg N ha^-1, 120 kg N ha^-1, 90 kg N ha^-1, 60 kg N ha^-1, 30 kg N ha^-1) for T_1, T₂, T₃, T₄, and T₅ respectively and T₆ (without biochar as a control) only 150 kg/ha N fertilizer (150 kg N ha^-1, 98 kg P₂O₅, 96 kg K₂O). Leaf area, plant height, tiller numbers, SPAD value, stomata conductance and gas sampling (CO_2,CH₄ and N₂O) were carried out at every two weeks interval. Yield parameters and soil samples before sowing and after harvestingwere taken. Rice straw biochar through the different N fertilizer rates showed the synergetic effect on rice plant growth. The yield increasing over control was found 26.6%, 26.7% and26% in T_2, T₃, and T₄, respectively.C:N, exchangeable cation (K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrients (Cu and Mn) were significantly higher in all biochar treated soils than control regardless of the amount of N fertilizer. Biochar treated soil had no significant difference over control for CO₂ gas emission. Although there had no exact trend of reduction of gas emission, all biochar treated soil had significantly reduced methane and nitrous oxide gas emission. Rice straw should be recycled into biochar as fertilizer materials for enchancedgrowth, yield, improved soil fertility and reduced greenhouse gas. Specifically, application of nine ton/ha rice straw biochar through 60 kg N ha^-1could be recommended for increasing yield, improving soil properties and reducing greenhouse gas in relative to control.

Biography:

Govind Singh Bhardwaj is contributing the society by his Nature-friendly, Geo-friendly and Geo-social approaches for problem solving and constructive purposes in applied and basic research in his field. His creative and innovative ideas & inputs of expertise are certainly a landmark contribution towards safe guard the mother earth and society, using different tools available in the field of Geo-science, Engineering Geology, and Geo-technology, GIS & Remote sensing and environmental conservation. He has put forward a new concept of the Geo-social Development and it has been appreciated by the international gathering during the international workshop organized in the field. He has given his technical delivery with the objectivity for betterment, improvement, optimization of infrastructural developmental activities in sustainable way.  by his efforts i.e. geo-electrical resistivity survey, a number of successful water supply bore wells have been located in different areas of the Rajasthan state during drought periods.He has exposure of slope stability analysis software Galena, FE, Matt lab, Flagylist, Flac 3D, GIS software TNTmips and Arc GIS, Rockware, DIPS etc. He is working on development of earthquake and landslides early warning system for issuing global and local warnings online.  His YouTube channel “Geo-explore- Unearth the Earth mine” is dedicated for educating the society by uploaded and published videos and is of good standing channel can be accessed at link https://www. youtube. com/ channel/ UCebwD_gXVVJzCG9ABelGNaw. He is recepient of several awards of national and international repute.

Abstract:

Climate, ecology, weather etc. on surface of the earth and something more complicated transformations of energy-flow dynamics, its mechanics  or better way kinematics, in the earths’ sub-surface, at different depths. In totality it is a play of energy flow. The shift in from its normal routine , used to define as abnormal. It is nothing like that, the interesting scientific phenomenon the entire world has to understand. The scientific approach is given in the paper to explore positivity and to safe guard living and non living world.

Biography:

Christopher Bryant has been professor in Geography at the University of Waterloo (20 years) and at the Université de Montréal (24 years); he is currently Adjunct Professor at the Université de Montréal and in the School of Environmental Design and Rural Development, University of Guelph. He is one of the world’s leading researchers in agriculture around cities (50 years of research), and he has also spent 26 years of research in the adaptation of agriculture to climate change and variability, as well as 30 years in research in local community development. He is currently in the top 7 % of researchers in the Research Gate network.

Abstract:

Objectives and process to be used in the workshop:

The objective of this workshop ion CCV is currently being recognized and integrated into how different processes involve participants in exchanging and discussing: 1) how different forms of planning for agricultural development and preservation can enhance agriculture’s contribution to Food Security; and 2) how to move forwards in ensuring a sustainable and long term development of agriculture by drawing upon the experiences and challenges of selected territories that different participants in the workshop are aware of. The results of the workshop will be used to produce a document for all participants.

Biography:

Will be Updated Soon...

Abstract:

Statement of the problem: On December 23, 2015, a well-planned, perfectly-synchronized, brilliantly executed cyber-attack caused a six-hour black-out for hundreds of thousands of customers in and around Ukraine’s capital city of Kiev. It was the first documented case of cyber-intruders bringing down a power grid.
While there are no known cases of cyber-terrorism causing power outages in other countries, experts agree that absolute cyber-security is unattainable. The attack methodology, tactics, techniques, and procedures that were successfully deployed in Ukraine could be deployed against infrastructures in the U.S. and around the world.
Methodology and theoretical orientation: The presentation analyzes policy changes to increase the resiliency of electric power grids and mitigate the potential consequences of cyber-attacks.
Conclusion and significance: Small power production resources originally designed to lower the costs of energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions also could improve public access to power during cyber-attacks or other emergencies. The resilience and security of supply implications have become increasingly relevant in evaluating the costs and benefits of distributed energy resources and microgrids.

Biography:

Dr. Jiménez has a vastexperience in investigating the gas-phase chemistry of primary and secondary pollutants and their atmospheric implications. Her research is focused on the kinetics of different removal processes in the troposphere (reaction with tropospheric oxidants and UV photolysis) together with the formation of secondary pollutants (gaseous and particulate matter). The aim of her research is then the evaluation of the impact of potential CFC replacements, such as fluorinated and perfluorinatedcompounds on air pollution and their contribution on the global warming. A great list of fluorinated compounds has been investigatedup to now. The daytime chemistryof these CFC substitutesis mostly dominated by gas-phase reaction with OH radicals. The obtained OH-rate coefficients for can be included in the chemistry modules of atmospheric models. Dr. Jiménez is also involved in the gas-phase chemistry of interstellar molecules at temperatures down to 110 K (ERC project NANOCOSMOS).

Abstract:

The phase-out of the consumption and production of (stratospheric) ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) was completed in 2010, while the scheduled phase-out of most hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) is expected by 2030.During the gradual disappearance of HCFCsover the coming decades, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) were proposed as long-term replacements in several industrial applications. Despite HFCs are non-depleting ozone substances,most of themare potent greenhouse gases (GHGs) that affect the radiative forcing of climate change. Their strong IR absorption in the atmospheric window and their long atmospheric lifetime result in high global warming potentials (GWPs). To decrease climate forcing,the emissions of high-GWP HFCs have to be reduced and replaced by substances that have low impact on climate. Among these, hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are expected to be good alternatives to HFCs. For instance, CF₃(CF₂)₂CH=CH₂ (HFO‑1447fz) is currently being considered as a substitute of HCFC-141b as expansion agent in polyurethane foams. Or CF₃CH=CH₂ (HFO-1243zf) could replace CF₃CH₂F (HFC-134a) in air-conditioning units.To assess the environmental impact of the potential widespread use of these potential substitutes, an evaluation of the atmospheric chemistry is needed. Degradation of pollutants in the troposphere is usually initiated by OH radicals(the main diurnal oxidant) and, under certain circumstances,by Cl atoms. In our group, the rate coefficients for the OH and Cl reactions with some HFOs and PFCs have been determined under tropospheric conditions of temperature and pressure. Identification of secondary gaseous products and organic aerosols was alsocarried out simulating a clean and polluted atmosphere.The IR spectra of these species were recorded in order to calculate their radiative efficiency. All these resultsallow the estimation of the atmospheric lifetime, GWP and the photochemical ozone creation potential of the HFC substitute. Therefore,we can predict the impact of future emissions on air quality and global warming.

Biography:

Koki Homma is an agronomist and crop physiologist. He graduated from Kyoto University, Japan, supervised by Prof Horie who simulated rice production under future climate conditions in Asia. One of his major activities is the investigation in farmers’ fields to evaluate production constraints and climate change impacts in Southeast Asia. This work has been conducted by collaboration with hydrologists, Toshio Koike, TetsuOhta and Kumiko Tsujimoto, under the project for “Assessing and integrating climate change impacts into the water resources management plans for Brantas and Musi River Basins” by Japan International Cooperation Agency.

Abstract:

One of the major agricultural production in Indonesia is rice production, on which negative climate change impact is anticipated. To assess the impact, simulating water budget and its effect on rice production is recommended. In this study, we developed a coupling model of hydrology and rice growth, and simulated rice yield under some GCM scenarios. After downscaling and bias-correcting GCMs, a hydrological model, the Water and Energy Budget-based Distributed Hydrological Model (WEB-DHM), simulated water flow and soil moisture content in total 60,000 km² of Musi river basin by 500m-mesh. Each mesh was categorized such as rainfed rice, shrub and so on based on governmental land use map. Rice growth and yield was simulated by a model, Simulation Model for Rice Weather Relations for rainfed (SIMRIW-Rainfed) based on the weather and soil moisture by WEB-DHM. Weather data from 1985 to 2012 was used for model calibration and validation as the present climate. The simulated rice yield under present climate was well consistent with the statistical data for rice production. Decrease in rice yield was simulated in rainfed paddy fields due to drought. Rice yield in the future (2050-2065) was slightly increased under GCM scenario gfdl_cm2_0, but largely decreased under gfdl_cm2_1. Shift of rainy season is one of the reasons of large decrease under gfdl_cm2_1, change of planting time and duration is one of adaptive strategies.

Biography:

Ilaria Espa is a senior research fellow and lecturer at the World Trade Institute (WTI) of the University of Bern and a lecturer at the University of Milan. Formerly awarded a Marie Curie fellowship to conduct her post-doctoral studies at the WTI, she became a Member of the NCCR Programme in ‘Trade Regulation: From Fragmentation to Coherence’ (WP5 on ‘Trade and Climate Change) and the scientific coordinator of the WTI Doctoral Programme. She holds a PhD in International Law and Economics from the Department of Legal Studies of Bocconi University and was a visiting scholar at Columbia Law School in 2012. Her research interests include International Economic Law, Environmental Law and Policy, and Climate, Energy and Natural Resources Law and Policy. Ilariahas consistently published in internationally recognized peer-reviewed journals and she is the author of a monograph on Export Restrictions on Critical Minerals and Metals: Testing the Adequacy of WTO Disciplines (Cambridge University Press, 2015) and the co-author of International Trade in Sustainable Electricity: Regulatory Challenges in International Economic Law (Cambridge University Press, 2017).

Abstract:

This article aims at assessing critically the renewable energy (RE) promotion policies pursued by the European Union (EU) within the context of both its climate policy and Energy Union policy, with a view to identify main strengths and weaknesses and the potential for improvement inherent to the recent proposals for reform launched by the European Commission through the ‘Clean Energy for All’ package. It starts by giving an overview of the main pillars of the Energy Union decarbonisation strategy, focusing on the RE promotion policies undertaken in the power sector. It goes on identifying the main challenges that the development of RE electricity production has posed to both the EU internal market and other decarbonisation policies. It then accordingly examines the main innovations introduced and/or proposed to improve European RE promotion policies and, finally, concludes that they address the most pressing issues experienced by the EU electricity system following rapid RE development in addition to creating an enabling environment for investment in electricity transmission and distribution infrastructures, particularly physical interconnections, which are essential to ensure successful renewable integration.

Biography:

Xin Wang has his expertise in the physical and chemical properties of mineral dust aerosols, and the optical properties of the insoluble light-absorbing impurities in seasonal snow based on both field surveys and model simulations. The foundation in this study is based on a new method combining the multi-satellite instruments with the surface observations of dust events is develop in estimating the contribution of anthropogenic dust due to human activities in disturbed soil regions.

Abstract:

The evolution of the spatial-temporal varying trends of dust events shows that the dust event occurrences (DEO) remarkable reduced at the beginning of this century by using an ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method over northern China. The results indicate that the steady decreased wind speed on Northern Hemisphere was largely responsible for the recent remarkable decline of DEO, however, the anthropogenic dust due to human activities also play key roles. Despite several attempts has been performed to investigate the climate effects due to anthropogenic dust, large uncertainties were still found due to the multi-satellite retrievals. In this study, a new method combining the multi-satellite instruments with the surface observations of dust events is develop in estimating the contribution of anthropogenic dust due to human activities in disturbed soil regions. Statistically, the column burdens of anthropogenic dust may be increased higher than 82% in the eastern areas caused by heavy local air pollution derived by human activities, but only with a limited effect lower than 15% near the desert regions. However, either way the anthropogenic effects of dust column burden are non-negligible. This study highlights the ability of significantly reducing the large uncertainty in estimating the contribution of anthropogenic dust to total atmospheric dust loadings.

Biography:

Nai Kuang  Liang has completed his Dr-Ing from Technical University Hannover, Germany. He was the director of Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University. He has published  papers in artificial upwelling, typhoon swell prediction, ocean thermal energy conversion and coastal protection. He is now Professor Emeritus of National Taiwan University.

Abstract:

Global warming means the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth’s climate system. However, most of the increased heat is stored in the ocean. This causes the sea surface temperature to rise, producing extreme weather. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) utilizes the temperature difference between the sea surface water and deep seawater to generate electricity. OTEC requires pumping a large amount of deep seawater, which is clean, cold and rich in nutrients. If the used OTEC seawater, i.e. a mixture of warm and cold seawater, is released to the sea surface, an artificial upwelling is then created. The natural upwelling regions result in high levels of primary productivity and thus fishery production. The upwelling area will also present low sea surface temperature. Hence, large enough artificial upwelling may mitigate global warming. This process takes advantage of ocean thermal energy to generate clean energy, to create fishing grounds and improve climate change. An interdisciplinary research program promoted by the UN will be necessary to achieve this goal.

Biography:

Mainly engaged in farmland greenhouse gas emission mechanism and emission reduction countermeasures. Won the 2008 Chinese Academy of Sciences Dean Excellence Award, 2009 Jiangsu Province outstanding doctoral dissertation, the second session of the Chinese soil society outstanding scholar award. Published a monograph (3); published 58 papers, including SCI papers 21, EI papers 1. Commitment and participation: the National Science and Technology Support Program, the National Natural Science Fund Project, the Ministry of Science and Technology International Science and Technology Cooperation Project, the public welfare industry (agriculture) scientific research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences strategic pilot science and technology, soil and agriculture sustainable development national key laboratory youth Research talent projects.

Abstract:

To solve the problem of water shortage, an improved plastic film mulching rice cultivation (PM) has been developed and expanded in recent years in Southwest China. It is a promising alternative to the winter-flooded rice cultivation technology (WF). To explore effects of this technology on CH₄ and N₂O emissions from winter-flooded paddy fields, a field experiment was conducted in Ziyang, Sichuan Province, China from 2012 to 2015. Meanwhile, the effects of nitrification inhibitors (DCD and CP) were estimated. Results showed that annual CH₄ and N₂O emissions from winter-flooded paddy fields ranged from 205-738 kg ha^-1 and 0.05-1.52 kg N ha^-1, respectively. Shifting the fields from WF to PM led to significant reduction 30-76% of CH₄ emissions and 24-70% of 100-year GWP (CH₄+N₂O) though substantial increase of N₂O emissions (10-3975%). Decrease in CH₄ emissions was ascribed to the reduced CH₄ production potential while N₂O emissions were increased as a consequence of more suitable soil water content and single basal application of nitrogen fertilizer in plastic film mulching rice fields. Integrated assessments showed that PM relative to WF significantly enhanced the net ecosystem economic budget (NEEB: balance between the economic benefits: yield gains and input costs; and environmental costs: GWP costs), due to the input costs reduced greatly. If WF was all changed to PM in Sichuan Province, China, the mitigation of 0.53-3.89 Tg CO₂-eq yr^-1 in 100-year GWP (CH₄+N₂O) and the increase of 1.60-3.32 billion CNY yr⁻¹ in NEEB might be achieved. Applying CP under PM conditions reduced 1-10%CH₄emissions and 9-26%N₂O emissions and increased 1-5% grain yields, thus mitigating 6-10% 100-year GWP (CH₄+N₂O) and enhancing 29% NEEB. The results demonstrate that PM and PM+CP increased economic incomes and decreased environmental costs of the fields, which would be the effective management strategies in the regions where are water scarcity.

Biography:

Cornelius is a doctorate graduate from University of Cadiz (Spain) and University of Bologna (Italy) and expert in climate change and freshwater resources. He has experience in research and management projects and working in multicultural organisations. He is the  author of three articles in scientific peer-reviewed journals, credited as first author of two of them, with further author credits in three UNEP publications. He is currently teaching in several Kenyan universities and is an Associate at the Institute of Climate Change and Adaptation of the University of Nairobi.

Abstract:

Demand for freshwater is rising with factors, such as population growth, land use change and climate variations, rendering water availability in the future uncertain. Groundwater resources are being increasingly exploited to meet this growing demand. The aim of this study is to identify the influence of population growth induced by land use change and climate change on the future state of freshwater resources of Lamu Island in Kenya where a major port facility is under construction. The results of this study show that the “no industrial development” population scenario (assuming the port was not constructed) would be expected to reach ~50,000 people by 2050, while the projected population upon completion is expected to reach 1.25 million in the same year when the Lamu Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor Program (LAPSSET) port reaches its full cargo-handling capacity. The groundwater abstraction in 2009 was 0.06 m3 daily per capita, while the demand is expected to raise to 0.1 m3 by 2050 according to the “LAPSSET development” projection. The modelling results show that the Shela aquifer in Lamu, which is the main source of water on the island, will not experience stress by 2065 for the “no industrial development” population scenario, whereas for the “LAPSSET development projection” population scenario, it will occur sooner (between 2020 and 2028). The modelling results show that the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) climate change scenarios will have a smaller impact on the effective water volume reserves than Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) for the “no industrial development”, while the impact is expected to be similar for the “LAPSSET development”, suggesting that population growth exacerbated by land use change will be a more significant driving force than climate change in affecting freshwater availability.

Biography:

Food, Environmental and sanitary engineer, Master in administration and Master executive in direction and management and environmental Systems, PhD in economics, Auditor with experience in advisory services, consulting, teaching researchers in areas such as the environment, environment quality, health and security management and audit systems, implementation and auditing of management integral systems (HSEQ) in different factories and companies of manufacturers and services. With experience in research on energy economics, energy efficiency, climate change, empirical analysis, social responsibility and industrial productivity in developed and developing countries.

Abstract:

Nowadays, cities account for half the world’s population and two thirds of global energy demand, and, in the coming decades, it is estimate d that energy use and associated levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will continue unabated in cities especially in developing countries. Therefore, the urban development agenda is fundamental to the improvement and mainstreaming of energy efficient and lowcarbon urban pathways that curtail climate and environmental impacts without hampering urban development and growth. Thus, a better evaluation of urban energy use is necessary for decision makers at various levels to address energy security, climate change mitigation, and local pollution abatement. Therefore, this paper measures and evaluates energy efficiency and CO2 emissions in Colombian cities as a case study of a developing country with the aim to set appropriate policies and strategies without adverse effects and impacts on economic growth and development. This study applies Data Envelopment Analysis and traditional indicators to measure energy efficiency in Colombian cities. As a complementary step, data panel techniques have been used in order to determine variables that influence the trends of energy efficiency and CO2 emissions. Results from DEA suggest that Colombian cities have an excellent potential to improve energy use and reduce CO2 emissions, and several cities have experienced gains in productivity, growth in efficiency, and improvements in innovation through new technologies. Second stage panel data techniques show that energy prices, economic conditions and production structure have effects in the trends of energy use and CO2 emissions. These results indicate several policy implications with regard to energy conservation, efficient use of energy, and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and the importance to increase research on energy patterns in the context of cities, especially those of developing countries.

Biography:

Richard is Chief Executive of Aesop Energy and Fuel-Free Aviation. Established International Business & Technologies GP to finance and develop commercial products and emerging technologies, and chaired two United Nations plenary sessions on the impact of emerging technologies. He wrote “Financial Gladiator” (on investor and business due diligence practices), and has served on boards of several private companies, non-profit organizations, and government entities. Richard conducted studies and seminars for power production and water desalinization, and served as Supervisor of Operations for the US Chemical Industries Emergency Program (CHEMTREC); Member of the Board for the World Safety Organization; six years as WSO Liaison to the UN, New York City, Geneva and the United Nations Environmental Program. He holds a BS and MS in Environmental Studies. In 1991 he was selected World Safety Person of the Year.

Abstract:

Emerging technologies around the world are presenting revolutionary, clean, effective, and economically viable alternatives to existing mobile and fixed power generating equipment. Many technologies are expected to rapidly supersede mankind’s reliance on combustion or nuclear fission for locomotion, transportation, or power generation. The amazing energy breakthroughs coming to market will initially enable resilient widely dispersed power sources to replace fuel burning engines and supplement electric power grids. The potential long-term applications and benefits to society and our planetary ecosystem are astounding. The continued progression of our changing climate requires the synergistic development of renewables through these emerging technologies; and rapidly increasing the adoption and distribution of these new energy resources is imparative. Every means possible must be utilized to develop and implement point of service and micro-grid technologies bringing greatly reduced carbon and carbon-free energy to all populations through a much improved distribution system. In the developed and the developing world, utilities and governments must accommodate growing electricity demand on a warming planet only through the use of these carbon free technologies supplying more electricity to these populations. The technologies must not only bring real reduction in green-house gas emissions but in addition, we must use the carbon free technologies to achieve massive decarbonization. With the level of CO2 in our atmosphere now well above the 400 PPM threshold, self reinforcing feedback loops will quickly render any mediocre efforts pointless. The threat of a massive burst of methane from the Arctic Ocean will certainly compound the problem faced by our planetary inhabitants. Only through the utilization of emission free, limited carbon intensive technologies and a massive research and implementation effort will an effective challenge be made to our rapidly changing atmosphere. AESOP Energy, LLC is a technology development firm located in Sebastopol, California.

Biography:

Litao Liu is an Assistant Researcher in Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research at Chinese Academy of Science. Dr. Liu’s research interests lie in the field of natural resources for sustainable development and industrial ecology. The overarching objective of our research is to understand the interaction among natural resources system, industry system and ecology environment. Our research consist of two core elements:1)supply security of natural resources at the regional, national and global level, and 2) environmental pressure of natural resources consumption. Through externally founded projects, our research ambition is to provided an understanding of driving forces of natural resources security and environmental pressure and to assist policy maker in designing mitigation policy that can ensure natural resource supply security and reduce environmental pressure.

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem: China is the largest cement producer and consumer accounting for almost about 60% worlds cement production and consumption. China’s unprecedented change offers a unique chance for revealing the relationship between urbanization and the in-use cement stocks. Researchers have observed that Inverted-U shaped nexus between cement consumption and urbanization, as well as GDP per capita; rapid urbanization is creating the conditions for widespread infrastructure and in-use cement stocks accumulation, but shows an uneven distribution. However, these regional heterogeneities from spatial perspective have not been previously studied. The purpose of this study is to show the spatio-temporal pattern of the in-use cement stocks and reveal underling socioeconomic drivers during 1950-2012. Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: Dynamic material flow analysis and ArcGIS software were utilized for depicting the spatio-temporal pattern of cement flow and in-use stocks. We analyze China’s in-use stocks from both producer and consumer perspectives based on multilevel data including factory-level field investigating data, industry level data, provincial and national level data. Findings: A huge discrepancy in in-use cement stock accumulation remains among different regions of China. Urbanization rate, population, GDP per capita, consumption behavior and building lifetime are the major determinants of cement in-use stock. Total production capacity, energy consumption and emissions will decline dramatically and mitigation policies will change remarkably under in-use cement stock saturation situation. Conclusion & Significance: The regional heterogeneities of in-use cement stock accumulation over the coming decades will be critical for the cement industry to reach deeper energy saving and emission cuts. Recommendations are made for policy-maker to design comprehensive policies that would help coordinating cement in-use stock accumulation and urbanization in different region of China.

Biography:

Cheng Heqin has her expertise in estuarine and coastal sediment dynamics and morphodynamics, integrated coastal zone management. Her long time measurement data sets of the estuarine tidal level, current velocity, bathymetry, bedforms, channel morphology and transition regime of ripple-dune, response of sediment dynamics to the human interventions in the watershed, fishery model in the East China Sea, semi-analytical model of sediment entrapment in estuaries, impact of sea level rise in the Changjiang (Yangtze) river estuary create new pathways for improving sustainable management strategy of coastal system and adaptation estuarine and coastal cities to sea level rise. She has built this challenging strategy after years of experience in research, evaluation, teaching and administration in institutions. The foundation is based on a majority of historical data sets and methodology of field measurements, numerical simulation, huge experiences and data analysis results from her colleagues in her institute, Shanghai Water Authority and many other institutes, which referred to be stakeholders of sea level rise.

Abstract:

Sea level rise (SLR) is a major of climate change. Changing coastal cities are situated in the delta regions expected to be threatened by SLR to various degrees. Shanghai is one of those cities. In recent years, intensifying waterlogging, salt intrusion, wetland loss, and ecosystem degradation in the city have generated the pressing need to create an urban form that is suited to both current and future climates incorporating SLR. However, adaptation planning uptake is slow. This is particularly unfortunate because patterns of urban form interact with mean sea level rise (MSLR) in ways that reduce or intensify its impact. There are currently two main barriers that are significant in arresting the implementation of adaptation planning with reference to the MSLR projections composed of geomorphologic MSLR projections and eustatic MSLR projections from global climate warming, and making a comprehensive risk assessment of MSLR projections.   The purpose of this study is to mapping MSLR projections and their risk assessment approaches, and then the adaptation actions in the city. Grey model approaches with linear fitting and the least squares measured tidal levels during1921-2000 in Wusong Vertical Elevation Datum at 5 tidal gauge stations were utilized to estimate the eustatic MSLR (ESLR) projection from climate warming in the area. Hierarchical partitioning analysis of variability in 2000-2009 is used to analyze urban land subsidence (ULS) projection.  Digitized historical nautical charts during 1997-2013 were utilized to map the magnitude of bed erosion, e.g. regional sea level fall (RSLF) projection by anthropogenic geomorphologic changes.  MIKE 21 was used to simulate the regional SLR (RSLR) caused by the land reclamation. The total decadal SLR (DSLR) is supposed to consist of ESLR, ULS, RSLF, RSLR and tectonic subsidence. Vladimir algorithm was used to calculate the variation in the tidal datum. ATP was used to make the risk assessment involved in the timing and magnitude of MSLR projections on a shortage of fresh water supply in Shanghai city.  Four design frequencies of highest tidal level were assessed. The DSLR is 10-16 cm during 2011-2030. The standard of existing seawall needs to be raised. New fresh water resource needs to be sought.

Biography:

David S. Scott, PhD, DSc (hon.), DEng (hon.), is a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering. Formerly, Chair of Mechanical Engineering, University of Toronto, Scott then travelled west to become Founding Director of the University of Victoria’s Institute for Integrated Energy Systems. Dr Scott is the author of Smelling Land; The Hydrogen Defense Against Climate Catastrophe. He chaired Canada’s Federal Advisory Group on Hydrogen Opportunities that produced the report Hydrogen: National Mission for Canada ESBN 0-662-15544-0. Dr. Scott is currently Vice-President (for North America) of the International Association for Hydrogen Energy. In 2006, he was honored with the IAHE Jules Vern Award for ‘Outstanding Contributions to Hydrogen Physics, and Hydrogen Energy Sociology and Philosophy.’

Abstract:

Albert Einstein advised, “Everything should be kept as simple as possible, but not simpler.” Following Einstein’s wisdom, the following energy system chain shows services, technologies, sources and currencies within five functional groups.
The role of energy currencies in energy systems is analogous to the role of financial currencies in financial systems. Neither is a source of energy or wealth, yet both are essential for facilitating energy or financial transactions. Each step, from left towards the right, is a demand-supply step. So where is carbon dioxide emitted? Service technologies emit CO2 when the currencies they use contain carbon. Harvesting technologies emit CO2 when the energy for harvesting is carbon based—like fossil-fueled mining machinery. So to develop a carbon-free system we must evolve towards using only carbon-free energy sources and carbon-free energy currencies.
There are many carbon-free sources—hydraulic, tidal, solar, wind, nuclear and so on. In contrast, there are only two carbon-free currencies. The first is the electronic currency, electricity. But electricity is a poor candidate for free-range transportation, such as cars, trucks, ships and especially aircraft. That’s why we also need a protonic (material) carbon-free currency. A protonic currency must contain only elements found in atmospheric abundance—otherwise when the fuel is burned, the emissions will be environmentally intrusive. Therefore, any candidate fuel can contain only oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Ammonia (NH3) satisfies this compositional constraint. But practical issues like low energy massdensity and toxicity make it troublesome. So we’re left with hydrogen as the only practical carbonfree fuel that can be universally employed for all tasks that today use carbon-based fuels. Hydrogen can also be used as a clean, efficient substitute for many material-harvesting tasks, such as using H2 rather than coke for reducing iron ore in steel making. A hydricity world will be cleaner, systemically more robust and more efficient. It will bring cleaner environments, and is essential to any chance we have to escape climate catastrophe.

Biography:

Santanu Sarkar is a Researcher of Environment Research group, R&D, Tata Steel Ltd. He is currently working in area of alternative energy, CO₂ capture & sequestration and different environmental remediation in the aspect of iron & steel industry. He has expertise in reduction of GHG emission, modeling & simulation of chemical process and hydride membrane separation process.

Abstract:

Steel sector accounts for 17% of the world’s industrial energy consumption and more than 2% CO2 emission across the globe(Figure 1). Average energy intensity in BF-BOF route is 18.68 GJ,which is 20% of the total cost of steel productionand average CO2 Intensity is 1.77 t CO2 per ton of crude steel production. It has been reported that in between year of 2010 to 2014 the steel production has increased by 16% and consequently CO2 emission also amplified.  It has also been quantified 1621 Mt crude steel has been producedin2015and by 2050,it is projected that use of steel will increase by 1.5 times that ofpresent utilization. Thus, steel sectors should move toward renewable energy.
Renewable energy is getting attention in recent years due to environmental pollution caused by utilization of fossil fuel. Moreover, price of fossil fuel is increasing as its natural storage is rapidly decreasing. Steel industries have taken several initiatives for resource allocation of alternative energy and CO2 capture and sequestration. Recently, specific energy consumption and emission has reduced remarkably due to waste heat utilization, scrap based steel production, use of LED based illuminating system, and incorporation of Direct-reduced iron (DRI) and EAF method. Alternative fuels can be generated from steel by-product gases as well as solid wastes and now a day’s utilization of solar energy is also very encouraging. On the other hand several projects are ongoing for reduction CO2 emission such as Ultra-Low Carbon dioxide Steelmaking (ULCOS), adsorbent based CO2 capture, COURSE 50, etc.
Steel sector is very keen to adopt renewable energy based system as well as to develop technologies for CCS. Consequently, there are several successful pilot scale studieshave been completed which are at door step for commercialization.However, several of these methods require huge development before commercialization.

Biography:

Moktar Hamdi attended the University Provence (France), where he took a Engineer degree in industrial and applied microbiology and He subsequently obtained a PhD degree in microbiology, followed by a post-doctoral period at INSA Toulouse (France)

In 1999, Moktar Hamdi joined National Institute of Applied Sciences and technology as an associate professor being promoted in 2004 to full Professor in Biological Engineering, where he was Head of Department of biological and Chemical Engineering from 2003 to 2008, and Head of doctoral school from 2009 to 2012). Professor Moktar Hamdi is also director of research laboratory in Microbial ecology and technology in the university of Carthage since 2004.  Dr. Hamdi has published over 180 papers, over 10 patents and some chapters in several books. He is a scientific advisory boards and he has served on many editorial boards of many indexed scientific journals.

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem: The nuclear power which is an important technology option in climate change mitigation strategies must be strengthened by innovation to maintain an acceptable level of performance and security. Commercialized nuclear power plants which continue in mitigation of climate change require innovation in term of performance, cost, safety and extension of the useful life to improve reductions of GHG emissions. Through human creativity and critical thinking, sustainable innovative solutions for cleaner and cheaper nuclear energy will be provided thanks to multilateral collaborations and open innovation. Ecosystems use sustainable energy from sun that leads to biofuels energy. Biorefinery is defined as the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable products and energy (Fig 1).
Findings: By analogy to biorefinery, we suggest the new concept of nuclearrefinery (nucleaRefinery) which is a facility that integrates nuclear fuels conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and by- or co-products (Fig. 2). Lessons learned from biorefinery concept allowed to identify some opportunities for sustainable innovation through nuclear fuel cycle in order to contribute in mitigation of climate change by:

    Maximizing the production of energy contained in the fuel and maximizing the use of produced energy;
    Minimizing material loss (by- or co-products) and maximizing the reuse of wastes;
    Integration of non-electric applications (cogeneration, desalination…);
    The connection to renewable energy and wastes treatment
    Use nuclear energy in agrofood development (water, processing…).

The new concept of nuclearrefinery and lessons learned from biorefinery concept should allow overseeing challenges of the sustainability of nuclear power plant and increasing its contribution in the mitigation of climate change.