5^th World Conference on Climate Change October 4-6, 2018 Park Inn by Radisson, London, UK

Tae-in Ohm has been Professor at the Department of Environmental Engineering, Hanbat National University since 1995. He is interested in designing of incinerator for wastes, municipal solid waste, waste refrigerant, liquid industrial wastes and RDF. Also, he has experience in drying technology of organic waste with high water content.

The reuse of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) with a global warming potential (GWP) of >150 is prohibited in developed countries. Decomposition and subsequent neutralization of the produced hydrogen fluorides is currently widely used for the treatment of high-GWP waste HFCs. However, there is the need to reduce the high auxiliary energy consumption of the utilized incinerator. For this purpose, we developed two versions of a burner for injecting fuel, oxidizer, refrigerant, and steam into the incinerator. The simultaneous supply of the waste HFCs and steam into the incinerator was expected to enhance the destruction of the former, thereby reducing the energy consumption. The following were determined from the results of experiments that were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed type-1 burner. The simultaneous supply of steam and waste HFCs into the incinerator increased the internal temperature of the incinerator when using either version of the type-2 burner. With the simultaneous supply of steam and the HFCs, the internal temperature of the incinerator increases with increasing steam supply, regardless of the version of the burner used. When using the type-2 burner, by which steam is supplied to the incinerator in the same direction as the flame, the NOx concentration decreases from 71 ppm to 62 ppm with increasing steam feed rate. In the case of using the type-1 burner, there is no decrease in the NOx concentration. The HFCs decomposition rate is 100% for a HFCs feed rate of up to 2.8 kg/h with no steam supply, while the 100% decomposition is maintained up to HFCs feed rates of 3.0 and 3.4 kg/h when using the types 1 and 2 burners with steam supply. The decomposition rate of the HFCs for the two types of burners are the same for steam feed rates above 0.5 kg/h. Recent Publications 1. Ohm T I, Myung S Y, Jang W B and Yu S R (2015) A comparison of refrigerant management policies and suggestions for improvement in South Korea. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 19(2):631–644. 2. Jasinski M, Dors M and Mizeraczyk J (2009) Destruction of freon HFC-134a using a nozzleless microwave plasma source. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 29(5):363–372. 3. Watanabe T and Tsuru T (2008) Water plasma generation under atmospheric pressure for HFC destruction. Thin Solid Films 516(13):4391–4396. 4. Hannus I (1999) Adsorption and transformation of halogenated hydrocarbons over zeolites. Appl Catal. 189:263–276. 5. Wang H P, Liao S H, Lin K S, Huang Y J and Wang H C (1998) Pyrolysis of PU/CFCs wastes. J Hazard Mater 58:221–226.

Marium Alleyne is currently pursuing a PhD in Environmental Studies with specialization in Climate Change Vulnerability at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados, W. I. She has her expertise in natural resource and environmental management, with an emphasis on climate change and is dedicated to contributing to the work on vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate change and disaster risk management and reduction in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). She has four years’ experience, working on 14 climate change related projects in the Caribbean region. She has comprehensive knowledge of climate variability and climate change and its impacts on SIDS; experience in designing and structuring solutions that address/mitigate disaster and climate risks and contributed to increase climate change awareness and capacity at the country level.

Climate change is a high consequence issue for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) due to its proportional impact. While climate change is expected to aggravate environmental and socioeconomic conditions, SIDS possesses inherent characteristics which make them highly vulnerable to climate change. Vulnerability is a critical framework used to delineate the extent of climate change. A comprehensive understanding of the vulnerability of Caribbean SIDS specific to climate change will become a fundamental factor in ensuring sustainability and viability, as it provides the foundation for the identification of the optimum restorative action to reduce impacts through effective implementation. Traditional approaches to climate vulnerability assessment are limited by their ability to be transferred to SIDS, specifically the Caribbean region. Vulnerability is dynamic and despite strides in research, there is limited knowledge about the manner in which the dynamism of vulnerability operates, but any assessment methodology or tool must possess the ability to determine a balance in the system and any trends occurring. As knowledge about climate change impacts increases and changes in socio-economic and political circumstances occur there will be a continuous demand and need for new vulnerability approaches, tools and methods. Focusing on Caribbean SIDS, this research seeks to review the existing climate change vulnerability assessment methodologies, tools and models, highlighting strengths, weaknesses and resultant gaps, and pays particular attention to the potential elements of transferability to SIDS, with the aim of these to the Caribbean context. The resultant information will be used to develop a climate change VCA Model for Caribbean SIDS, based on the adaptation of VCA tools and methodologies for SIDS. This research contributes a climate change VCA model for Caribbean SIDS which could be applicable to others. Recent Publications 1. Kelman I (2018) Islandness within climate change narratives of Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Island Studies Journal 13(1):149–166. 2. Scandurra G, A A Romano, M Ronghi, and A Carfora (2018) On the vulnerability of Small Island Developing States: A dynamic analysis. Ecological Indicators 84:382–392. 3. Jurgilevich Alexandra, Aleksi Räsänen, Fanny Groundstroem and Sirkku Juhola (2017) A systematic review of dynamics in climate risk and vulnerability assessments. Environmental Research Letters 12(1):013002. 4. Mcleod Elizabeth, Shawn W Margles weis, Supin Wongbusarakum, Meghan Gombos, Angie Dazé, et al. (2015) Community-based climate vulnerability and adaptation tools: a review of tools and their

Andreas Andreou is a doctoral student with a major interest in the assessment of climate change impacts on energy systems. With his PhD research revolving around climate-sensitive energy use, he aims to identify stress points in the provision of space heating and cooling services for various climate change scenarios. His work will ultimately provide policy makers with useful tools to construct future adaptation and decarbonisation pathways suitable for regional building sectors. Prior to joining the University of Leeds as a post-graduate researcher, Andreas has completed an MSc degree in the UCL Energy Institute where he explored the various applications of Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) in the formulation of global climate change policies.

Statement of the Problem: Growing concerns about the impacts of climate change have led to increased research to identify the risks borne by energy systems. Energy use in residential and commercial buildings is particularly sensitive to changing climatic conditions; warmer outdoor temperatures are expected to reduce demand for space heating in the winter, while increase that for cooling during summer months. Despite the significant contribution of these end-uses to final energy consumption, future projections do not sufficiently capture the variety of routes through which climate influences sectoral energy demand. The purpose of this research is to study the short-term relationship between energy use and weather, as well as to explore ways through which buildings will respond to different climate trajectories in the long-term. Initially, the project evaluates the impacts of climate change on residential electricity consumption and compares them with those of evolving population, personal income and fuel prices, using the case of United States. Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: The methodological framework is based on an econometric model of monthly electricity consumption (2005-15) which processes variables of climatic and non-climatic nature. Scenario values are then fed into the model to build projections of U.S. residential electricity consumption in the mid-21st century. Findings: On an annual basis, personal income has the largest and most uncertain effect on future (per capita) residential electricity use, followed by electricity prices and, finally, climate change. Monthly results, however, show that climatic impacts become much more significant when examining the variation of peak electricity consumption in the summer. Conclusion & Significance: The results stress the importance of accounting for socio-economic and energy pricing effects in models advising public policy about long-term baseload capacity requirements. Moreover, strategies aiming to downscale power sector’s output should consider the demand for extra reserve capacity to be deployed during the summer. Recent Publications 1. Salari M, Javid RJ (2016) Residential energy demand in the United States: Analysis using static and dynamic approaches. Energy Policy 98:637-649. 2. Fazeli R, Ruth M, Davidsdottir B (2016) Temperature response functions for residential energy demand – A review of models. Urban Climate 15:45-49. 3. Davis LW, Gertler PJ (2015) Contribution of air conditioning adoption to future energy use under global warming. PNAS 112:5962–5967 4. Ciscar J-C, Dowling P (2014) Integrated assessment of climate impacts and adaptation in the energy sector. Energy Economics 46:531-538. 5. Auffhammer M, Mansur ET (2014) Measuring climatic impacts on energy consumption: A review of the empirical literature. Energy Economics 46:522-530

Pablo López Filun, Ph.D. in Civil Engineering student, University of Bristol, U.K. MSc in Geography, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile and BSc in Geography, University of Concepcion, Chile

In the last few decades, the recurrence associated to landslides has evidenced a significant increased, especially in urban areas, where the effects related to these types of processes have generated human losses and infrastructure damages. In Chile, there is still no standardized methodology for assessing areas prone to landslides on a regional and local scale, consequently in the past years many efforts have been made to incorporate different methodologies from an institutional aspect, especially to guide territorial planning from a disaster risk management view. In this context, the purpose of this research is the application of the Linear Generalized Model (GLM) and the Generalized Additive Model (GAM) in the East coast of Tumbes Peninsula (36°S) to compare their predictive performance and their integration capacity as a methodology to guide territorial planning and risk management at local scales. The landslide susceptibility in Tumbes peninsula (36°S) was evaluated through multivariate statistical methods. An analysis of the physical - natural factors of greater contribution to the susceptibility was made and the processes of greater recurrence and spatial activity were recognized. The analysis of the physical - natural factors was done through soil cover, geomorphology and derived models. The process recognition was carried out through the elaboration of a landslide inventory, where the lithological structure and type of movement associated with each process were identified. The susceptibility level was determined through the comparison of a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and a Generalized Additive Model (GAM), where the areas of greater susceptibility to landslides processes were identified. The elaboration of the landslide inventory indicated that the rotational landslides are the most active, these were characterized by being conformed in a lithologic structure of silt - clay, loamy type, very fragile under saturation, during periods of intense precipitation. The execution of GLM and GAM models indicated a good spatial prediction of susceptibility with AUCROC values of 0.913 and 0.990. However, the level of significance of the predictor variables presented less statistical evidence in the GLM model with an AIC value 177,7 and greater significance in the GAM model with an AIC value of 10,2 indicating the high precision of the GAM model in the spatial estimation of susceptibility.

Carolina Martínez is a Professor at the Geography Institute at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC).Associate Researcher at the Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN) and member of the Ibero-American University Association for Post Graduate Studies in Integrated Coastal-marine Management (IBERMAR-AUIP Network). Her area of research is geomorphology and costal environment dynamics, coastal and natural risk management. Her recent works are focused on analysing factors of change on tectonic coasts that are recently affected by natural disturbances such as earthquakes, tsunamis and swells. She also studies the socio-territorial effects on costal locations.

The Chilean coast is characterized by the development of recurring natural hazards on the coast, including major earthquakes, tsunamis and alluviums. To these, coastal erosion is now added, aggravated by intense storms, which since 2015 have generated great impact in the coastal zone. Among these effects is the violent loss of mass in the sandy littoral, changes in the morphodynamics of the beaches, loss of human lives and considerable damage to the coastal infrastructure. The purpose of this research is to explore the stability condition of the sandy littoral in central-southern Chile and to guide conservation, adaptation or mitigation measures. Satellite images and topographic surveys were used in order to determine spatio-temporal changes in the shoreline. These changes were linked to the long-term behavior of oceanographic variables such as wave climate and mean sea level. To determine changes in the relative shoreline position, DSAS 4.3 (USGS) extension for GIS was used. Erosion/accretion processes for each beach were classified according to Rangel-Buitrago et al., (2015). Changes in profile were determined by topographic survey of beach profiles, with which volumetric and granulometric changes were obtained. The behavior of the historical swell and its relationship with the morphological changes of the beaches was analyzed, as well as the relationship between ENSO phases and the recurrence of storms. The results to date, establish an erosive tendency and accelerated by the storms in the majority of the sandy systems, which present different magnitude. A direct relationship between warm phases ENSO and recurrence of tidal waves was determined. In all cases, erosion rates increased due to the level rise of up to 30 cm observed during ENSO warm phases and an increase in the frequency of extreme storms, which shifted from nearly 5 events per year in the 1960s to more than 20 in recent years. Recent Publications 1. Jiménez J, Sancho-García A, BosomE, Valdemoro E, Guillén J. (2012). Storm-induced damages along the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean) during the period 1958–2008. Geomorphology 143-144: 24–33. 2. Luo S, Cai F, Liu H, Lei G, Qi H, Su X. (2015). Adaptive measures adopted for risk reduction of coastal erosion in the People's Republic of China. Ocean & Coastal Management 103: 134-145. 3. Martínez C, Rojas D, Quezada M, Oliva R, Quezada J. (2015). Post-Earthquake coastal evolution and recovery of an embayed beach in central-southern Chile. Geomorphology 250: 321-333. 4. Rangel-Buitrago N, Anfuso G, Williams A. (2015). Coastal erosion problems along the Caribbean Coast of Colombia. Ocean & Coastal Management 114: 120-144. 5. Rangel-Buitrago N, Anfuso G, Williams A, Bonetti J, Gracia A, Ortiz J. (2017).Risk assessment to extreme wave events: Barranquilla - Cienaga, Caribbean of Colombia Case Study. In: Botero, C.;Cervantez, O. & Fink, C (Eds.). Beach Management Tools: Concepts, Methodologies and Case Studies. Chapter 23. Springer International Publishing, Amsterdam.

Nicola Anne Beresford has been carrying out Environmental Research at Brunel University London for 22 years. She now leads the Environment and Health Technical Team in addition to working part-time on her PhD in Environmental Sciences. Whilst working at Brunel, she has authored almost 30 publications and half of these present results from yeast-based assays.

Androgens (such as dihydrotestosterone) are a major class of steroid hormones that have key functions in the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system. Chemicals in the environment that act as anti-androgens (able to bind to the androgen receptor and block the normal action of androgens) could impact human and wildlife development and reproduction. Yeast based anti-androgen assays can give false positive results depending on various factors. Some misinterpretations are due to the nature of the chemicals and/or others are due to the way that the assay is run. This article examines a group of environmental chemicals for anti-androgenic activity and compares the results from two yeast-based assay methods to determine which is the most robust. Over 100 environmental chemicals were tested using a recombinant yeast cell line expressing the human androgen receptor. Both were colorimetric assays with method-1, wherein the substrate was added to the medium at the start of the incubation and in method-2, where the substrate was only added to the medium once the cells had been lysed. By both methods, the anti-androgenic potencies of 16 chemicals were very similar but method-2 was less prone to false positive results when close to toxic concentrations. We therefore consider method-2 to be a more robust assay.

Seyed Jamaleddin Shahtaheri completed his PhD from Surrey University, Guildford, Surrey, England in 1996. He is an Academic Member of the Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, acting as the Dean Research Deputy at the Institute for Environmental Research at the same university. He is a Member of the Persistent Organic Pollutant Review Committee (POPRC) under the Stockholm Convention, UNEP, UN. He has published more than 150 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member of seven national and international journals.

Background: In recent years, many national and international expert groups have considered specific improvements in risk assessment of chemical pollutants. This study has considered to assess the risk of workers exposed to the air pollutants followed by inhalation exposure in an automobile manufacturing in Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional research was done in. Methods number 1501 and 7602 of the National Institute of occupational safety and Health (NIOSH) were used for sampling and analysis of compounds BTEX and silica in the air. A total of 40 samples of compound BTEX were taken and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). A total of 6 samples of silica were collected during the campaign. Silica analyses were performed by using visible spectrophotometry. Risk ranking was calculated using the hazard and exposure rate. Finally, the relative risk of blood cancer caused by exposure to benzene was estimated. Results: The result demonstrated that, workers were exposed to 5 chemicals including silica, benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, and xylene during their work in manufactory. Among the pollutants in the breathing zone of workers, silica and benzene were hazardous chemicals at high risk level. Following the estimation of relative risk of blood cancer caused by exposure to benzene, workers cumulative exposure to benzene was obtained to be 23.1 ppm per year and the capture relative risk was 1.1. The significant relationships were also seen between the workers exposed to benzene in both age and work experience, so that, degree of exposure decreased steadily with increasing age and experience (P<0.001). Conclusions: This research demonstrated that, benzene and silica had the highest exposure risk in the automobile manufacturing. Also, painting hall workers were directly exposed to benzene possibly increase the blood cancer risk. Therefore, an essential education and occupational protection programs needed to be considered in order to reduce risk assessment associated with the chemicals in industries like automobile manufacturing.

Jing Ma has her expertise in greenhouse gases emissions and mitigation mechanisms in agriculture.

With the increase in municipal sludge, applying sludge in agriculture has been of great concern. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three different fertilization practices (CK，no N-fertilizer application; N240，applying N-fertilizer at a rate of 240 kg N ha-1; OF, applying composted sludge at a rate of 240 kg N ha-1) on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from paddy soils and heavy metals accumulation in soil and plant. The results showed that methane emission of treatment OF was 68.09 kg ha-1, being approximately 2-fold those of treatments N240 and CK (p＜0.05). The N2O emission of treatment OF was 0.94 kg N ha-1, being 46% lower than that of treatment N240 (p＜0.05) and 6-fold that of treatment CK (p＜0.05). The contents of the total heavy metals in the soil were far below the national standard of environmental quality standards for soils for Grade II (GB 1518-1995) and no significant difference was observed among three treatments (p＞0.05). Different heavy metals accumulated in different parts of the plant. The accumulation of Zn, Cd was straw>crust >seed, and Cr, Ni, Cu was crust>straw>seed. For treatment OF, the content of Cu in rice grain was 10% (p>0.05) less than that of treatment N240, but the contents of Cr，Zn and Cd in rice grain were 76%, 31% and 50% (p＜0.05) higher than that of treatment N240, respectively. Image Treatments CH4 emission (kg ha-1) N2O emission (kg N ha-1) Rice Yield (t ha-1) 100-year GWP(CH4+N2O) (t CO2-eq ha-1) Greenhouse gas intensity (kg CO2-eq kg-1 grain) CK 32.54±3.41a 0.13±0.04a 5.84±0.11a 0.87±0.09a 0.15±0.02a N240 32.70±1.67a 1.72±0.20c 9.09±0.17b 1.68±0.13b 0.18±0.02a OF 68.09±9.09b 0.94±0.37b 8.97±0.13b 2.16±0.28c 0.24±0.03b Table 1: Total CH4 and N2O emissions, rice yield, global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity. Treatments Cr ( mg•kg-1) Ni ( mg•kg-1) Cu ( mg•kg-1) Zn ( mg•kg-1) Cd ( mg•kg-1) Soil CK 43.96±0.43a 19.38±0.07a 19.52±0.38a 40.87±0.83a 0.12±0.00a N240 44.94±0.79a 18.24±0.83a 20.46±0.47a 38.66±1.60a 0.12±0.00a OF 45.97±0.10a 21.17±0.29a 20.89±0.57a 46.23±3.04a 0.13±0.00a Grain CK 0.52±0.10a 0.00±0.00a 0.94±0.09a 18.27±2.67a 0.06±0.02a N240 0.54±0.05a 0.00±0.00a 1.37±0.03b 19.98±1.52a 0.08±0.01a OF 0.98±0.01b 0.24±0.01b 1.23±0.03ab 27.42±0.19b 0.12±0.02b Crust CK 94.34±1.42a 52.56±0.26b 5.41±0.08b 54.58±4.85a 7.32±4.22a N240 108.10±9.54b 35.43±9.08a 4.10±1.03a 68.54±1.00b 9.89±1.82a OF 85.26±3.55a 47.76±1.32b 5.62±0.08b 80.33±7.66b 7.49±1.79a Straw CK 23.41±1.16a 0.36±0.03a 0.24±0.05a 105.81±2.39a 19.99±0.79a N240 27.80±2.39a 0.72±0.01a 2.52±0.35b 106.8±7.21a 16.03±2.34a OF 22.66±2.92a 0.97±0.15a 2.55±0.11b 125.2±1.87a 12.43±2.43a Table 2: Total heavy metal concentrations in soil and plant. Recent Publications 1. Guangbin Zhang, Jing Ma, Yuting Yang, Haiyang Yu, Yaping Shi, et al. (2017) Variations of stable carbon isotopes of CH4 emissions from three typical rice fields in China. Pedosphere 27(1):52–64. 2. Minmin Sun, Yuan Zhang, Jing Ma, Wenping Yuan, Xianglan Li, et al. (2017) Satellite data based estimation of methane emissions from rice paddies in the Sanjing plain in northeast China. PlOS One 12(6):1–16. 3. Gang Liu, Haiyang Yu, Guangbin Zhang, Hua Xu and Jing Ma (2016) Combination of wet irrigation and nitrification inhibitor reduced nitrous oxide and methane emissions from a rice cropping system. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23(17):17426–17436. 4. Xianfang Fan, Haiyang Yu, Qinyan Wu, Jing Ma, Hua Xu, et al. (2016) Effects of fertilization on microbial abundance and emissions of greenhouse gases (CH4 and N2O) in rice paddy fields. Ecology and Evolution 6(4):1054–1063. 5. Guangbin Zhang, Haiyang Yu, Xianfang Fan, Yuting Yang, Jing Ma, et al. (2016) Drainage and tillage practices in the winter fallow season mitigate CH4 and N2O emissions from a double-rice field in China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16:11853–11866.